Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts

Abstract

AimsTo estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population‐based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.DesignObservational study employing data on self‐reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption.SettingAdults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.ParticipantsParticipants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female).MeasurementsSmoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks.FindingsAfter correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6–60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8–67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2–70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2–96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9–5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9–10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR.ConclusionsThere appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Cigarette smoking and personality: Investigating causality using Mendelian randomization

“…In 6th grade (aged 11-12 years) and 7th grade (aged~12-13), the average caffeine intake was 253 mg/day and 236 mg/day, respectively. These estimates approach those from a recent study in adults from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, where the average intake was 261 mg in English women and 240 mg in Dutch women and 324 mg in Dutch men [8]. While there is no consensus on safe levels of caffeine for children/adolescents, the threshold above which adverse health effect might occur in this age group is 100 mg caffeine/day [9].…”

Associated Factors on Energy Drink Consumption among Korean High School Students

“…, 남학생이 [10][11][12][13], 도시에 거주하는 청소년이 [12], 학업성취도가 낮을수록 [10], 가족의 경제적 수준이 낮을 수록 [10,12] 에너지 음료를 많이 섭취했다. (2) 정서적 특성으 로 우울 [11,13], 스트레스와 [7,10] 에너지 음료 섭취 수준 간 정 적 상관관계가 있었다.…”

“…(2) 정서적 특성으 로 우울 [11,13], 스트레스와 [7,10] 에너지 음료 섭취 수준 간 정 적 상관관계가 있었다. 건강 관련 행위 특성으로는 신체활동 수준이 낮을수록 [14,15] 또는 높을수록 [16], 스크린 기반 좌식 활동 수준이 높을수록 [14], 흡연과 [1,11,13] 음주를 [1,11,13] 하는 청소년이, 탄산음료 또는 단 음료를 섭취하는 청소년이 [11,12], 하루 수면시간이 짧고 [1] …”

Tendency towards being a “Morning person” increases risk of Parkinson’s disease: evidence from Mendelian randomisation

“…In this scenario, a spurious protective association between coffee and PD could be induced through confounding by chronotype. Other factors, such as smoking, which is commonly associated with coffee drinking behaviour, 23 could also confound the association.…”