Associations between Short-Term Changes in Nitrogen Dioxide and Mortality in Canadian Cities

Burnett, Richard T.; Stieb, Dave; Brook, Jeffrey R.; Cakmak, Sabit; Dales, Robert; Raizenne, Mark; Vincent, Renaud; Dann, Tom

doi:10.3200/aeoh.59.5.228-236

Cited by 175 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Using the large multicity studies as an example, significant and robust associations with mortality have been observed for PM 10 (PM with an aerodynamic mass median diameter of less than or equal to 10 mm) in the National Morbidity and Mortality Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) of 90 US cities (Samet et al, 2000, reanalyzed by Dominici et al, 2003, O 3 in 95 US communities from NMMAPS (Bell et al, 2004), NO 2 in 12 Canadian cities (Burnett et al, 2004), and SO 2 in 12 European cities ranging from Athens to Wroclaw in the APHEA project (Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach) (Katsouyanni et al, 1997). A meta analysis of 109 time-series studies published since 1985 by Stieb et al (2003) also indicated significant associations between mortality and all pollutants examined, including PM 10 , O 3 , NO 2 , SO 2 , and CO, in single-pollutant models.…”

Section: Methods Used To Distinguish Effects Of Multipollutant Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Burnett et al (2004) study, the association between NO 2 and mortality was examined in 12 of Canada's largest cities over a 19-year time period (1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999). Gaseous pollutant data were collected daily while PM measurements were taken every sixth day.…”

Section: Surrogate Measures Of Pollutant Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Kim

Burnett

Neas

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Air pollution epidemiologic research has often utilized ambient air concentrations measured from centrally located monitors as a surrogate measure of exposure to these pollutants. Associations between these ambient concentrations and health outcomes such as lung function, hospital admissions, and mortality have been examined in short-and long-term cohort studies as well as in time-series and case-crossover studies. The issues related to interpreting the observed associations of ambient air pollutants with health outcomes were discussed at the US EPA sponsored workshop on December 13 and 14, 2006 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. The second session of this workshop focused on the following topics: (1) statistical methodology and study designs that may improve understanding of multipollutant health effects; (2) ambient concentrations as surrogate measures of pollutant mixtures; and (3) source-focused epidemiologic research. New methodology and approaches to better distinguish the effects of individual pollutants include multicity hierarchical modeling and the use of case-crossover analysis to control for copollutants. An alternative approach is to examine the mixture as a whole using principal component analysis. Another important consideration is to what extent the observed health associations are attributable to individual pollutants, which are often from common sources and are correlated, versus the pollutant mixtures that the pollutants are representing. For example, several ambient air concentrations, such as particulate matter mass, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, may be serving as surrogate measures of motor vehicle exhaust. Source apportionment analysis is one method that may allow further advancement in understanding the source components that contribute to multipollutant health effects.

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Section: Methods Used To Distinguish Effects Of Multipollutant Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surrogate Measures Of Pollutant Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Kim

Burnett

Neas

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several epidemiological studies have shown consistent associations of long-term NO 2 exposure with decreased lung function and increased risk of respiratory symptoms [Ackermann-Liebrich et al, 1997;Schindler et al, 1998;Panella et al, 2000;Smith et al, 2000;Gauderman et al, 2000Gauderman et al, , 2002. Strong associations exist between NO 2 and nonaccidental mortality in daily time series studies [Steib et al, 2003;Burnett et al, 2004;Samoli et al, 2006]. NO 2 concentrations are also highly correlated with other pollutants either emitted by the same sources or formed through complex reactions in the atmosphere [e.g., Brook et al, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground‐level nitrogen dioxide concentrations inferred from the satellite‐borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument

et al. 2008

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[1] We present an approach to infer ground-level nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations by applying local scaling factors from a global three-dimensional model (GEOS-Chem) to tropospheric NO 2 columns retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite. Seasonal mean OMI surface NO 2 derived from the standard tropospheric NO 2 data product (Version 1.0.5, Collection 3) varies by more than two orders of magnitude (<0.1->10 ppbv) over North America. Two ground-based data sets are used to validate the surface NO 2 estimate and indirectly validate the OMI tropospheric NO 2 retrieval: photochemical steady-state (PSS) calculations of NO 2 based on in situ NO and O 3 measurements, and measurements from a commercial chemiluminescent NO 2 analyzer equipped with a molybdenum converter. An interference correction algorithm for the latter is developed using laboratory and field measurements and applied using modeled concentrations of the interfering species. The OMI-derived surface NO 2 mixing ratios are compared with an in situ surface NO 2 data obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System (AQS) and Environment Canada's National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) network for 2005 after correcting for the interference in the in situ data. The overall agreement of the OMI-derived surface NO 2 with the corrected in situ measurements and PSS-NO 2 is À11-36%. A larger difference in winter/spring than in summer/fall implies a seasonal bias in the OMI NO 2 retrieval. The correlation between the OMI-derived surface NO 2 and the ground-based measurements is significant (correlation coefficient up to 0.86) with a tendency for higher correlations in polluted areas. The satellite-derived data base of ground level NO 2 concentrations could be valuable for assessing exposures of humans and vegetation to NO 2 , supplementing the capabilities of the ground-based networks, and evaluating air quality models and the effectiveness of air quality control strategies.Citation: Lamsal, L. N., R.

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“…For example, a careful analysis of differences in the mixtures between cities, using perhaps the abovementioned types of cluster analyses in such studies as in NMMAPS (Dominici et al, 2005), the Canadian multicity studies (Burnett et al, 2004) or in APHEA (Analitis et al, 2006), may shed light on this problem. Studies in which abrupt changes in pollution have occurred in one .…”

Section: Objectives For Air Pollution Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the interpretation of epidemiological studies of ambient air pollution

Goldberg

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Studies of the effects of ambient air pollution on human health are complicated by the fact that individuals are exposed to a complex mixture of toxic and non-toxic substances that vary in their make-up in space and in time. It is impossible using standard epidemiological designs to uniquely identify any individual component of air pollution as a causal agent of a health effect because of simultaneous exposure to all or a subset of ambient pollutants. Nevertheless, associations observed for a particular pollutant can be interpreted as a marker of toxicity of the mixture, and regulatory action on judiciously selected pollutants can benefit health, as such actions can modify the complex mixture. This paper argues that we may be able to further our understanding of the effects of air pollution on human health by investigating whether particular mixtures are more toxic through (1) conducting and reporting results for all measured components; (2) possibly characterizing the complex mixture by developing synoptic categorizations of daily air pollution, through cluster or latent profile analysis; (3) a careful analysis of differences in the mixtures between locations; and (4) toxicological studies and controlled studies on humans that make use of factorial designs for various components of the air pollution mixture.

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Associations between Short-Term Changes in Nitrogen Dioxide and Mortality in Canadian Cities

Cited by 175 publications

References 30 publications

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Ground‐level nitrogen dioxide concentrations inferred from the satellite‐borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument

On the interpretation of epidemiological studies of ambient air pollution

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