Associations between Maternal and Fetal Levels of Total Adiponectin, High Molecular Weight Adiponectin, Selected Somatomedins, and Birth Weight of Infants of Smoking and Non-Smoking Mothers

Abstract

<jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the relationships between maternal smoking, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW adiponectin), selected somatomedins, and the birth weight of newborns. A total of 78 women with a healthy, singleton pregnancy, 41 active smokers and 37 non-smokers, and their offspring were studied. Total and HMW adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and 2 (IGFBP-2) were determined in maternal and cord blood by enzyme-link immunosorbent assay. Serum levels of total and HMW adiponectin were lower in smokers compared to the tobacco abstinent in both the mothers (p = 0.013; p = 0.006) and the infants (p = 0.001; p = 0.047). In smoking women and their children, serum concentrations of IGF-I were significantly lower (p = 0.014; p = 0.042), IGFBP-1 significantly higher (p = 0.009; p = 0.039), and IGFBP-2 did not differ from that observed in the non-smoking group. In multivariate analysis performed on the whole group of mothers, the highest impact of serum cotinine and IGFBP-2 levels were indicated for adiponectin and cotinine and the number of cigarettes/day for HMW adiponectin concentration. In correlation analysis estimated separately for smokers and non-smokers, neonatal birth weight was positively associated with total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in umbilical cord blood. Birth weight was also inversely associated with IGFBP-1 and positively correlated with IGF-I levels in maternal serum as well as in cord blood (r = −0.317, p = 0.005; r = −0.294, p = 0.004; r = 0.245, p = 0.031; r = 0.271, p = 0.009, respectively). The present study showed the levels of total and HMW adiponectin in umbilical cord blood may have a significant effect on fetal development. Both IGF-I and IGFBP-1 concentrations also play an essential role in fetal growth, which is an important predictor of birth weight. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy negatively affected adiponectin and the insulin growth factor profile in the serum of women and the cord blood and may be the reason for the lower birth weight of the smokers newborns compared with the nonsmokers offspring.</jats:p>

Effects of Tobacco Consumption and Anxiety or Depression during Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Health

“…Several studies have shown that tobacco consumption during pregnancy directly affects the health of both mothers and neonates throughout the perinatal period [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]47,48]. Tobacco consumption during pregnancy can lead to epigenetic changes that affect the health of mothers and neonates.…”

Hormonal Determinants of Growth and Weight Gain in the Human Fetus and Preterm Infant

“…Multiple studies have found decreased cord blood IGF-1 levels in infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy ( Table 3 ) [ 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 ]. Conversely, there were no associations with cord blood IGF-2, leptin, or c -peptide [ 294 , 295 , 297 , 298 ].…”

“…Multiple studies have found decreased cord blood IGF-1 levels in infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy ( Table 3 ) [ 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 ]. Conversely, there were no associations with cord blood IGF-2, leptin, or c -peptide [ 294 , 295 , 297 , 298 ]. Studies regarding the effect of maternal smoking on cord blood adiponectin levels have yielded variable results, with some reporting no differences [ 295 , 297 ] and another reporting lower values [ 298 ].…”

“…Conversely, there were no associations with cord blood IGF-2, leptin, or c -peptide [ 294 , 295 , 297 , 298 ]. Studies regarding the effect of maternal smoking on cord blood adiponectin levels have yielded variable results, with some reporting no differences [ 295 , 297 ] and another reporting lower values [ 298 ]. Similar conflicting results were seen in cord blood levels of IGFBP-3, with some studies finding lower levels with maternal smoking [ 294 , 299 ] and others finding higher levels [ 296 ].…”

Association between maternal iron supplementation and newborn birth weight: a quantile regression analysis

“…Birth weight (BW) is considered a significant indicator for assessing fetal intrauterine growth, the nutritional condition and the health status of newborns, as well as predicting growth, developmental status, and health problems in adulthood [1][2][3]. In newborns with a normal weight, those with a low birth weight and macrosomia are related to higher morbidity and mortality [4][5][6], and low birth weight can result in poor mental development, risk of infection, and risk of developing cardiovascular disease later in life [7][8][9].…”