Associations Between Lifestyle Factors And Parkinson’s Disease In An Urban Sri Lankan Clinic Study

Abstract

Background: Associations between certain environmental and lifestyle factors and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been reported in several studies, but information on these factors and Parkinson's Disease (PD) in South Asia, is limited. Objective:To determine associations between lifestyle factors and PD in an urban clinic-based study in Sri Lanka. Methods:In this case-control study, demographic and lifestyle factor data (including diet, coffee/tea drinking, smoking, alcohol status) was collected from an unselected cohort of PD patients and age and gender-matched controls attending clinics in Greater Colombo, Sri Lanka. Associations between lifestyle factors and PD status were assessed using Logistic Regression analysis, while links with age of PD onset were explored with Kaplan Meier and Cox Regression survival analyses. Results with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Findings:Of 229 patients with parkinsonism, 144 had Idiopathic PD using standard diagnostic criteria. Controls numbered 102. Coffee drinkers and smokers were significantly less likely to have PD (coffee, p<0.001; Odds Ratio (OR)=0.264; smoking, p=0.043; OR=0.394). Coffee drinkers were older at PD onset (p<0.001). Similar trends seen with tea drinking were not statistically significant.

Iron status, immune system, and expression of brain divalent metal transporter 1 and dopamine receptors D1 interrelationship in Parkinson’s disease and the role of grape seed and green coffee bean extracts and quercetin in mitigating the disease in rats

“…However, quercetin, not caffeine, was reported as the major neuroprotection in coffee beans (21). Coffee drinkers were significantly less likely to have PD compared to nondrinkers (56). The reported bioactive coffee components are quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeine that showed previously to prevent neurotoxicity through reducing INF-γ, and inflammatory biomarkers represented by TNF-α and Interleukin 6 released from activated microglia and astrocytes.…”

Coffee, smoking and aspirin are associated with age at onset in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

“…However, research specifically on AAO is not as extensive. Studies report that disease onset in patients with idiopathic or monogenic PD is later among smokers, dependent on the dosage [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The largest crosssectional cohort was comprised of 715 PD patients, of whom 312 were smokers and 404 never smoked [5].…”

“…Likewise, caffeine consumption was associated with lower PD risk, with a dosage-dependent level of protection [ 14 ]. In terms of AAO, there is evidence that the onset of PD among coffee drinkers is later compared to non-drinkers [ 11 , 15 , 16 ], also indicating a dosage effect [ 12 , 17 ]. However, earlier studies report opposing effects of an earlier AAO with higher coffee intake [ 7 ].…”

Coffee, smoking and aspirin are associated with age at onset and clinical severity in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

“…However, research specifically on AAO is not as extensive. Studies report that disease onset in patients with idiopathic or monogenic PD is later among smokers, dependent on the dosage [7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Likewise, caffeine consumption was associated with lower PD risk, with a dosage-dependent level of protection [14]. In terms of AAO, there is evidence that the onset of PD among coffee drinkers is later compared to non-drinkers [11, 15-17], also indicating a dosage effect [12, 18]. However, earlier studies report opposing effects of an earlier AAO with higher coffee intake [7].…”