Associations between inflammatory markers and well-being during 12 weeks of basic military training

Tait, Jamie L.; Bulmer, Sean; Drain, Jace R.; Main, Luana C.

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04554-8

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Previous work in Israeli IET revealed there was no statistically significant change in IL-6 in male ( 72 ) and female ( 72 , 73 ) recruits across 4 months of training. Another study in Australian IET reported no change in IL-6 across 8 weeks of IET ( 74 ). We did not replicate these findings in the current investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whey Protein Supplementation Effects on Body Composition, Performance, and Blood Biomarkers During Army Initial Entry Training

et al. 2022

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This study assesses if a lower dose of whey protein can provide similar benefits to those shown in previous work supplementing Army Initial Entry Training (IET) Soldiers with two servings of whey protein (WP) per day. Eighty-one soldiers consumed one WP or a calorie matched carbohydrate (CHO) serving/day during IET (WP: n = 39, height = 173 ± 8 cm, body mass = 76.8 ± 12.8 kg, age = 21 ± 3 years; CHO: n = 42, 175 ± 8 cm, 77.8 ± 15.3 kg, 23 ± 4 years). Physical performance (push-ups, sit-ups, and a two-mile run) was assessed during weeks two and eight. All other measures (dietary intake, body composition, blood biomarkers) at weeks one and nine. There was a significant group difference for fat mass (p = 0.044) as WP lost 2.1 ± 2.9 kg and had a moderate effect size (Cohen's d: −0.24), whereas the CHO group lost 0.9 ± 2.5 kg and had only a small effect size (d: −0.1). There was no significant group-by-time interaction on fat-free mass (p = 0.069). WP gained 1.2 ± 2.4 (d: 0.1) and CHO gained 0.1 ± 3 (d: 0) kg of FFM on average. There was a significant group by week 1-fat free mass interaction (p = 0.003) indicating individuals with higher initial fat-free mass benefitted more from WP. There were no group differences for push-up (p = 0.514), sit-up (p = 0.429) or run (p = 0.313) performance. For all biomarkers there was a significant effect of time as testosterone (p < 0.01), testosterone to cortisol ratio (p = 0.39), and IGF-1 (p < 0.01) increased across training and cortisol (p = 0.04) and IL-6 (p < 0.01) decreased. There were no differences in groups across IET for any of the biomarkers. We conclude one WP serving is beneficial for FM and for FFM in soldiers with high baseline FFM but may not significantly alter biomarker response or physical performance of IET soldiers who have high relative dietary protein intakes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whey Protein Supplementation Effects on Body Composition, Performance, and Blood Biomarkers During Army Initial Entry Training

et al. 2022

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“…Previous research has indicated that BMT is a psychological stressor [ 4 , 25 ] that produce behavioural symptoms of overtraining in recruits (e.g., confusion, depression, fatigue) [ 4 ]. However, some authors have reported improvements in scores for depression, anxiety and stress subscales across BMT [ 26 , 54 ], ascribed to successful integration into the training program and adequate recovery opportunities. We observed that higher ratings of depression, anxiety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as a caveat, the majority of those who had a delayed march-out or were discharged had stopped providing data by week 6, which limits the generalizability of our findings. Previous research has suggested that levels of depression, anxiety, and stress are elevated at the start of BMT due to the unfamiliar and challenging conditions of military training and low confidence, which gradually subsides over the course of training [ 26 , 55 , 56 ]. In the current study, there was a significant divergence in cognitive load across the first six weeks, when comparing those who were on-pathway with those who were off-pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In sporting contexts, subjective well-being has been used to indicate training status, response to training loads, and recovery [ 23 , 24 ], with negative psychological symptoms (e.g., depressed mood) observed during periods of inadequate recovery and/or intensified training demands. The transition from civilian life to BMT, and the need to meet various training standards to graduate from BMT, can increase psychological distress in recruits [ 4 , 25 , 26 ], with the potential to contribute to recruit dropout [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Furthermore, negative psychological and behavioural factors such as history of depression, poor mental health and higher stress levels during training have been shown to predict attrition in a few studies [ 14 , 15 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Predicting Training Delays and Attrition of Recruits during Basic Military Training

Tait

Drain

Bulmer

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Ensuring a balance between training demands and recovery during basic military training (BMT) is necessary for avoiding maladaptive training responses (e.g., illness or injury). These can lead to delays in training completion and to training attrition. Previously identified predictors of injury and attrition during BMT include demographic and performance data, which are typically collected at a single time point. The aim of this study was to determine individual risk factors for injury and training delays from a suite of measures collected across BMT. A total of 46 male and female recruits undertaking the 12-week Australian Army BMT course consented to this study. Injury, illness, attrition, and demographic data were collected across BMT. Objective measures included salivary cortisol and testosterone, step counts, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular endurance. Perceptions of well-being, recovery, workload, fatigue, and sleep were assessed with questionnaires. Baseline and mean scores across BMT were evaluated as predictors of injury and attrition using generalized linear regressions, while repeated-measures ANOVA was used for the group comparisons. From the 46 recruits, 36 recruits completed BMT on time; 10 were delayed in completion or discharged. Multiple risk factors for injury during BMT included higher subjective ratings of training load, fatigue, and stress, lower sleep quality, and higher cortisol concentrations. Higher ratings of depression, anxiety, and stress, and more injuries were associated with a higher risk of delayed completion. Higher concentrations of testosterone and higher levels of fitness upon entry to BMT were associated with reduced risk of injury and delayed completion of BMT. Ongoing monitoring with a suite of easily administered measures may have utility in forewarning risk of training maladaptation in recruits and may complement strategies to address previously identified demographic and performance-based risk factors to mitigate injury, training delays, and attrition.

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“…Five related studies have reported on the use of DASS-21 in military training programmes [11][12][13][14][15] and one study has compared the construct validity of the DASS-21 with other psychometric self-report tools. 16 None of these studies were conducted in Europe or included European cohorts.…”

Section: Mental Health In the Military Workforcementioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study of the depression, anxiety and stress in Greek military personnel during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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IntroductionThe ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a global health crisis which poses many psychological research challenges. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness and validity of depression, anxiety and stress in a representative cohort of Hellenic military personnel using the short version of the Greek military version of the Depression–Anxiety–Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire.MethodsA total of 158 participants were voluntarily surveyed using an electronically developed structured questionnaire. The anonymous e-questionnaire included a social demographic section and the DASS-21 scale section. It was distributed in September 2020 to the military personnel of the Hellenic Tactical Air Force Units using an intranet network during government restrictive measures due to the COVID-19 crisis.ResultsOur DASS-21 survey indicated a positive outcome at the psychometric level of our military sample population. Age, sex and systemic medications were statistically correlated with anxiety. Inter-correlations between the DASS-21 statements showed that individuals with low-level depression also experienced some degree of stress. Factor analysis indicated the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.ConclusionsThe low levels of depression and stress among our military sample population demonstrate the importance of periodic monitoring of the psychometric items of the DASS-21 subscales to design and implement psychological prevention strategies, especially during the ongoing and future healthcare crises.

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Associations between inflammatory markers and well-being during 12 weeks of basic military training

Cited by 12 publications

References 76 publications

Whey Protein Supplementation Effects on Body Composition, Performance, and Blood Biomarkers During Army Initial Entry Training

Whey Protein Supplementation Effects on Body Composition, Performance, and Blood Biomarkers During Army Initial Entry Training

Factors Predicting Training Delays and Attrition of Recruits during Basic Military Training

A pilot study of the depression, anxiety and stress in Greek military personnel during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

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