Associations Between Exposure to Fluoridated Drinking Water and Dental Caries Experience among Children in Two Australian States

Slade, Gary D.; Davies, Michael J.; Spencer, A. John; Stewart, Judith

doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1995.tb02373.x

Cited by 40 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…There are several possible reasons for the observed widened inequality in oral health. Water fluoridation was found to decrease SES inequality in oral health (Slade et al, 1995). However, there has been no increase in the proportion of the population exposed to this measure during the decade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parental questionnaires collected household income and household size to enable SES to be classified. Details of the study design and data collection process have been described elsewhere (Slade et al, 1995;Do and Spencer, 2007). These two CFS studies are referred to henceforth as the 1992/93 and 2002/03 studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To analyze temporal trends of SES inequality in Australian children, we used data collected in two similarly conducted crosssectional studies in South Australia and Queensland: the Child Fluoride Study (CFS) Mark 1 (1992/93) (Slade et al, 1995) and Mark 2 (2002/03), which were developed and supervised by the same researchers (Spencer and Slade) at the University of Adelaide.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trend of Income-related Inequality of Child Oral Health in Australia

Spencer

Slade

et al. 2010

J Dent Res

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It is important that we monitor socio-economic inequality in health. Inequality in child oral health has been expected to widen because of widening socio-economic inequality. This study aimed to evaluate trends in income-related inequality in caries experience of Australian children. Cross-sectional studies in 1992/93 and 2002/03 collected data on deciduous caries experience of 5- to 10-year-olds and permanent caries experience of 6- to 12-year-olds. Household composition and income was used to calculate quartiles of equivalized income. Slope Index of Inequality (SII), Concentration Index (CI), and regression-based rate ratios were used to quantify income-related inequality and to evaluate trends. Income-related inequality in caries experience was evident regardless of time and dentition. The three indicators of inequality indicate a significant increase in income-related inequality in child deciduous caries experience during the decade. The income inequality in permanent caries experience did not change significantly. Income inequalities increased in deciduous teeth, but not in permanent teeth, among Australian children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trend of Income-related Inequality of Child Oral Health in Australia

Spencer

Slade

et al. 2010

J Dent Res

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“…1,15,[19][20][21][22][23][24] For each time point, an approximate mid-point of the reported range of effectiveness was accepted as the base estimate in the model, with the upper and lower levels used as the bounds of the range.…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Cwfmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of changing dental needs on cost savings from fluoridation

Campain

Mariño

Wright

et al. 2010

Australian Dental Journal

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Background: Although community water fluoridation has been one of the cornerstone strategies for the prevention and control of dental caries, questions are still raised regarding its cost-effectiveness. This study assessed the impact of changing dental needs on the cost savings from community water fluoridation in Australia. Methods: Net costs were estimated as Costs (programme) minus Costs (averted caries). Averted costs were estimated as the product of caries increment in non-fluoridated community, effectiveness of fluoridation and the cost of a carious surface. Modelling considered four age-cohorts: 6-20, 21-45, 46-65 and 66+ years and three time points 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Cost of a carious surface was estimated by conventional and complex methods. Real discount rates (4, 7 (base) and 10%) were utilized. Results: With base-case assumptions, the average annual cost savings ⁄ person, using Australian dollars at the 2005 level, ranged from $56.41 (1970s) to $17.75 (1990s) (conventional method) and from $249.45 (1970s) to $69.86 (1990s) (complex method). Under worst-case assumptions fluoridation remained cost-effective with cost savings ranging from $24. 15 (1970s) to $3.87 (1990s) (conventional method) and $107.85 (1970s) and $24.53 (1990s) (complex method). For 66+ years cohort (1990s) fluoridation did not show a cost saving, but costs ⁄ person were marginal. Conclusions: Community water fluoridation remains a cost-effective preventive measure in Australia.

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“…[80] However, they determined that maximum benefit was gained by having both pre-and post-eruptive fluoride exposure. Other groups have also found that a higher percentage of total lifetime exposure to fluoride was associated with lower caries burden, [81][82][83] indicating that fluoride is effective throughout the lifespan, including pre-eruptively.…”

Section: Contribution Of Pre-eruptive Fluoride Exposure To Preventivementioning

confidence: 99%

Water fluoridation: It really is this simple

2017

Br Dent J

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(RSNZ), and the Ministry of Health, to review the scientific evidence for and against the efficacy and safety of fluoridation of public water supplies. After discussion between the parties, it was agreed that the Office of the PMCSA and the RSNZ would establish a panel to undertake a review. This review would adhere strictly to the scientific issues of safety and efficacy (or otherwise), but take into account the various concerns that have been raised in the public domain about the science and safety of fluoride. It would not consider the ethical and philosophical issues that have surrounded fluoridation and influenced legal proceedings lately. The Prime Minister gave his consent for the Office of the PMCSA to be involved and funding was provided by Councils through your office and by the Ministry of Health.We are pleased to advise the report is being delivered on the timetable agreed. ProcessGiven this is inevitably an issue that arouses passions and argument, we summarise in some detail the process used.As this was the first formal scientific review conducted jointly between the Office of PMCSA and the Royal Society a memorandum of understanding for the process was developed and has been followed.The essence of the process was that the PMCSA appointed an experienced literature researcher to undertake the primary research and literature reviews. Following an initial scoping that included an extensive reading of the literature (informal, grey and peer reviewed) on the subject, a draft table of contents was agreed between the PMCSA and the President of the RSNZ. The RSNZ then appointed a panel of appropriate experts across the relevant disciplines that was approved by the PMCSA.A member of civil society with expertise in local body issues, Ms Kerry Prendergast, was invited to be an observer to the panel and to be included in the discussions and drafting to be sure that it met local body needs. The scientific writer then produced an early partial draft of the report that was presented to a meeting of the expert panel, and their input was sought both as to framing and interpretation of the literature. The panel paid particular attention to the claims that fluoride had adverse effects on brain development, on the risks of cancer, musculoskeletal and hormonal disorders -being the major areas where claims about potential harms have been made. Over the following weeks, the panel members joined in an iterative process with the scientific writer to develop the report. In its advanced form all the members of the panel, together with the PMCSA and the President of the RSNZ, agreed via email exchange on the final wording of the report and its executive summary. In this form it was sent out for international peer review by appropriate scientific experts in Australia, UK and Ireland. Following their suggestions (which were minor and did not affect the panel's conclusions), the report and executive summary were returned to the panel for comment. Findings and recommendationsThe report and its executive summary are very clear i...

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Associations Between Exposure to Fluoridated Drinking Water and Dental Caries Experience among Children in Two Australian States

Cited by 40 publications

References 34 publications

Trend of Income-related Inequality of Child Oral Health in Australia

Trend of Income-related Inequality of Child Oral Health in Australia

The impact of changing dental needs on cost savings from fluoridation

Water fluoridation: It really is this simple

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