Associations between dietary salt, potassium and blood pressure in South African adults: WHO SAGE Wave 2 Salt &amp; Tobacco

Ware, Lisa J.; Charlton, Karen E; Schutte, Aletta E.; Cockeran, Marike; Naidoo, Nirmala; Kowal, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.06.017

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…4 Penelitian yang dilakukan pada masyarakat dewasa di Afrika utara juga mendapatkan hasil yang sama dimana asupan natrium : kalium yang tinggi dalam makanan merupakan penyebab peningkatan tekanan darah dan resiko ini lebih besar terjadi dengan pertambahan usia. 5 7 Riset pada hewan coba yang dilakukan oleh nomura dkk mendapatkan hasil bahwa hewan coba yang diberikan diet tinggi garam dan rendah kalium mengalami peningkatan tekanan dara. 8 Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Xu ji dkk di cina dengan memperoleh hasil bahwa asupan natrium yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan hipertensi, begitupun penelitian yang dilakukan Atun dkk tahun 2014 juga mendapatkan hasil bahwa asupan natrium berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi dimana asupan natrium yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan resiko tekanan darah tinggi (OR: 5,7) 9 Sistem kerja renin angiotensin dan aldosteron sangat berperan dalam timbulnya hipertensi.…”

Section: Abstrakunclassified

Asupan natrium dan kalium sebagai faktor penyebab hipertensi pada usia lanjut

et al. 2018

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Hypertension is one of the most common diseases suffered by the elderly. At the age of ≥ 40 years, both men and women will be more at risk of hypertension. Many factors play a role in hypertension, one of which is an unbalanced diet. Imbalance intake of micronutrients such as sodium and potassium also plays an important role in the incidence of hypertension. The objective, to determine the relationship of sodium and potassium intake with the occurrence of hypertension in the elderly in the working area of Darul Imarah Community Health Center, Aceh Besar District. Method, this cross-sectional descriptive analytic study used a sample of 60 elderly people (45-55 years) and conducted in the Darul Imarah Health Center in 2017. Sodium and Potassium intake was obtained through a semi-quantitative food frequency Questionnaires. Blood pressure data obtained with a sphygmomanometer. Bivariate data analysis using the Chi-Square test. The results, showed a significant relationship between sodium intake and the incidence of hypertension (p = 0.000), While potassium intake did not show a relationship (p = 1.000). Conclusion, sodium intake can have an impact on the occurrence of hypertension, while potassium does not affect hypertension in the elderly. Suggestion, people with hypertension can reduce consumption foods containing sodium such as preserved food, canned food, use of salt, soy sauce, cheese, and MSG to avoid increasing blood pressure.Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit yang paling banyak diderita oleh lansia. Pada usia ≥ 40 tahun baik pada laki-laki ataupun wanita akan lebih beresiko untuk menderita hipertensi. Banyak faktor yang berperan dalam penyakit hipertensi salah satunya adalah pola makan yang tidak seimbang. Ketidakseimbangan dalam pengaturan zat gizi mikro seperti natrium dan kalium merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperan penting dalam kejadian hipertensi. Tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan natrium dan kalium dengan terjadinya hipertensi pada usia lanjut di wilayah kerja puskesmas Darul Imarah Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian deskriptif analitik berdesain srossectional ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 60 orang usia lanjut (45-55 tahun), dilakukan di Darul Imarah tahun 2017. Asupan Natrium dan Kalium diperoleh melalui food frequency Questionaire semi Quantitatif. Data tekanan darah didapatkan dengan spygnomanomater. Analisis data bivariat menggunakan uji Chi Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukan hubungan signifikan antara asupan natrium dengan kejadian hipertensi (p= 0,000), sedangkan asupan kalium tidak menunjukan hubungannya (p= 1,000). Kesimpulan, asupan natrium dapat berdampak terhadap terjadinya hipertensi, sedangkan kalium tidak berdampak terhadap hipertensi pada usia lanjut. Saran, penderita hipertensi dapat mengurangi konsumsi makanan yang mengandung natrium seperti makanan yang diawetkan, makanan kaleng, penggunaan garam, kecap, keju dan MSG untuk menghindari peningkatan tekanan darah.

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Section: Abstrakunclassified

Asupan natrium dan kalium sebagai faktor penyebab hipertensi pada usia lanjut

et al. 2018

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“…Median 24-hour Na excretion (n=874) was equivalent to a median salt intake of 6.3 g/day (range 1–43 g/day); 35% had values within the desirable range (<5 g salt/day), 37% had high values (5–9 g salt/day) and 28% had very high values (>9 g salt/day). We have previously reported that median salt intakes are higher in younger than older (50+ years) adults in this cohort (8.6 g/day vs 6.1 g/day; p<0.001), and in urban compared with rural dwellers (7.0 g/day vs 6.0 g/day; p=0.033) 38 but further analysis of Na versus iodine excretion, by demographic breakdown, is outside the scope of the current analysis. No significant difference in median UIE was found according to age category (18–49 years; 50+ years) or sex; however, median UIE was significantly higher in urban compared with rural dwellers (128 (IQR 147) vs 115 (IQR 119); p=0.041).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…As well as changes to the food supply, nutrition education activities undertaken by the Department of Health and non-governmental organisations in South Africa aim to change consumer behaviour related to table salt use. 41 42 The timing of the WHO-SAGE Salt & Tobacco substudy in South Africa was planned to provide a baseline population salt intake 38 1 year before mandatory salt legislation, in order for comparison in the same cohort 1 year after introduction of the legislation 29 in SAGE Wave 3. The data reported in this paper relate to the presalt reduction legislation baseline timepoint.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How will South Africa’s mandatory salt reduction policy affect its salt iodisation programme? A cross-sectional analysis from the WHO-SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco study

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveThe WHO’s global targets for non-communicable disease reduction recommend consumption of<5 g salt/day. In 2016, South Africa was the first country to legislate maximum salt levels in processed foods. South Africa’s salt iodisation fortification programme has successfully addressed iodine deficiency but information is dated. Simultaneous monitoring of sodium reduction and iodine status is required to ensure compatibility of the two public health interventions.Design/setting/participantsA nested cohort design within WHO’s 2015 Study on global AGEing and adult health (n=2887) including individuals from households across South Africa. Randomly selected adults (n=875) provided 24-hour and spot urine samples for sodium and iodine concentration analysis (the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively). Median 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and spot urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were compared by salt intakes of <5g/day, 5–9g/dayand >9 g/day.ResultsMedian daily sodium excretion was equivalent to 6.3 g salt/day (range 1–43 g/day); 35% had urinary sodium excretion values within the desirable range (<5 g salt/day), 37% had high values (5–9 g salt/day) and 28% had very high values (>9 g salt/day). Median UIC was 130 µg/L (IQR=58–202), indicating population iodine sufficiency (≥100 µg/L). Both UIC and UIE differed across salt intake categories (p<0.001) and were positively correlated with estimated salt intake (r=0.166 and 0.552, respectively; both p<0.001). Participants with salt intakes of <5 g/day were not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for iodine intake (95 µg/day).ConclusionsIn a nationally representative sample of South African adults, the association between indicators of population iodine status (UIC and UIE) and salt intake, estimated using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, indicate that low salt intakes may compromise adequacy of iodine intakes in a country with mandatory iodisation of table salt. The iodine status of populations undergoing salt reduction strategies needs to be closely monitored to prevent re-emergence of iodine deficiency.

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“…In a study carried out in the capital of another Portuguese-speaking country, Maputo, Mozambique, this percentage was 96.0% [ 52 ]. In South African adults, the non-compliance with the daily potassium recommendation was 91.0% [ 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low potassium and high sodium intakes: a double health threat to Cape Verdeans

et al. 2018

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BackgroundCape Verde presents a high rate of cardiovascular diseases. Low potassium and high sodium intakes are related to cardiovascular diseases. However, studies regarding these two micronutrients continue to be rare in African urban settings. This work aims to estimate potassium and sodium intakes and to analyse the self-reported salt intake by gender and by type of urban area in the city of Praia – the capital of Cape Verde.MethodsIn the first stage (n = 1912), an intra-urban study was designed in two types of urban areas (formal and informal), using a sampling strategy based on random selection of geographical coordinates, in order to apply a questionnaire. In a second stage, a 24-h dietary recall and anthropometric measurements were performed by local nutritionists. Potassium and sodium intakes were estimated for 599 participants (149 men and 450 women). Non-parametric methods (including quantile regression) were used in the statistical analysis.ResultsIn informal areas, a higher percentage of women reported having hypertension (31.0%) compared to formal areas (19.7%). Based on 24-h dietary recall, median potassium intake for men was 2924.2 mg/day and for women and 2562.6 mg/day. Almost 70.0% of men and 80.0% of women ingested less than the recommended 3510 mg/day of potassium. In informal areas, men and women presented high medians of sodium intakes compared to formal areas (men: 4131.2 vs 3014.6 mg/day and women: 3243.4 vs 2522.4 mg/day). On the other hand, the percentage of participants exceeding 2000 mg/day for sodium was high (≥70.8%), even for participants that self-reported low-salt intake.Quantile regression models revealed effects of the type of urban area and gender in the potassium and sodium intakes, at least, in some quartiles, accounting for age, academic qualifications, and professional situation.ConclusionsA low potassium intake and a high sodium intake were found in Praia. Thus, efficient health education campaigns and health promotion are needed and should be tailored considering gender and urban areas.

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Associations between dietary salt, potassium and blood pressure in South African adults: WHO SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco

Abstract: These preliminary results indicate that high dietary Na:K ratio may lead to a greater increase in BP and hypertension risk with age. Interventions to increase potassium intakes alongside sodium reduction initiatives may be warranted.

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Asupan natrium dan kalium sebagai faktor penyebab hipertensi pada usia lanjut

Asupan natrium dan kalium sebagai faktor penyebab hipertensi pada usia lanjut

How will South Africa’s mandatory salt reduction policy affect its salt iodisation programme? A cross-sectional analysis from the WHO-SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco study

Low potassium and high sodium intakes: a double health threat to Cape Verdeans

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