Associations between cortical thickness and reasoning differ by socioeconomic status in development

Leonard, Julia A.; Romeo, Rachel R.; Park, Anne T.; Takada, Megumi E.; Robinson, Sydney T.; Grotzinger, Hannah; Last, Briana S.; Finn, Amy S.; Gabrieli, John D. E.; Mackey, Allyson P.

doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100641

Cited by 42 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This pattern of results is also in line with prior structural and task-based brain imaging studies showing interactions between SES and neural variables in relation to test performance (Leonard et al, 2019;Merz, Wiltshire, et al, 2019). For example, several studies have found SES differences in lateral prefrontal and parietal activation during cognitive tasks, core nodes of the LFPN (e.g., Finn et al, 2017;Sheridan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…This new thrust of research has begun to uncover neural differences between higher-and lower-SES children in brain structure and function from an early age (e.g., Hair et al, 2015;Hanson et al, 2013;S. B. Johnson et al, 2016;Leonard et al, 2019;Mackey et al, 2015;Noble et al, 2015;Noble et al, 2006). However, even in this literature, children living below the poverty line tend to be under-represented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is an adaptive pattern of brain network coupling for a child? It depends on their environment

Ellwood-Lowe

Whitfield-Gabrieli

Bunge

2020

Preprint

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Key words: brain development | cognitive | brain networks | functional connectivity | adaptation | resilience | environment | poverty | socioeconomic status Acknowledgements: This study would not be possible without the massive efforts of the large team of ABCD leaders and organizers, staff and data curators, and families and children who participated. Abstract. 1Prior fMRI research indicates that lower resting-state functional connectivity between 2 two specific brain networks is linked to better cognitive test performance in children and 3adults. However, most study samples are skewed towards higher-socioeconomic status 4individualsand what is adaptive for one population may not be for another. In a pre-5registered study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data from 6839 children ages 9-10 6 years. For children above the federal poverty line, we replicated the prior finding: better 7 cognitive performance was related to weaker connectivity between the lateral 8 frontoparietal and default mode networks. However, for children living in poverty, this 9relation trended in the opposite direction. Follow-up cross-validated predictive analyses 10 revealed that these results were driven by several key features of a child's environment. 11Thus, "optimal" brain function depends in part on the external pressures children face, 12highlighting the need for more diverse samples in research on the human brain and 13behavior. 14 15 16

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is an adaptive pattern of brain network coupling for a child? It depends on their environment

Ellwood-Lowe

Whitfield-Gabrieli

Bunge

2020

Preprint

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“…Bilateral cortical thickness of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) was found to be positively correlated with reasoning ability in children from lower-SES backgrounds, but not in children from higher-SES backgrounds (Leonard et al, 2019). However, Leonard et al (2019) only investigated matrix reasoning, which is a measure of inductive (i.e., more specifically analogical) rather than deductive reasoning. Thus, it is unclear how results extend to deductive abilities.…”

Section: Deductive Reasoning and Sesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it is unclear how results extend to deductive abilities. Further, Leonard et al (2019) included structural neuroimaging only. To our knowledge, there are no prior functional neuroimaging studies that examine how the neurocognitive basis of reasoning vary by SES as children are engaged in the task.…”

Section: Deductive Reasoning and Sesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning in children varies with parental education

Demir-Lira

Prado

Booth

2021

Human Brain Mapping

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The neurocognitive basis of elementary academic skills varies with parental socioeconomic status (SES). Little is known, however, about SES-related differences underlying higher-order cognitive skills that are critical for school success, such as reasoning.Here we used fMRI to examine how the neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning varies as a function of parental education in school-aged children. Higher parental education was associated with greater reliance on the left inferior frontal gyrus when solving set-inclusion problems, consistent with other work suggesting that these problems might more heavily rely on verbal systems in the brain. In addition, children who are at the lower end of the parental education continuum, but have higher nonverbal skills relied on right parietal areas to a greater degree than their peers for solving set-inclusion problems. Finally, lower parental education children with higher verbal or nonverbal skill engaged dorsolateral prefrontal regions to a greater degree for set-inclusion and linear-order relations than their peers. These findings suggest that children with lower parental education rely on spatial and cognitive control mechanisms to achieve parity with their peers with parents who have more education. Better understanding variability in the neurocognitive networks that children recruit as a function of their parental factors might benefit future individualized interventions that best match children's characteristics.

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“…For instance, Mackey et al ( 2015 ) have found that low-SES students had on average smaller cortical gray matter volume than high-SES students, and this finding was consistent across all lobes of the brain. Several other studies found similar brain volume reductions in low-SES individuals (e.g., Noble et al, 2015 ; Rosen et al, 2018 ; Leonard et al, 2019 ). Studies have found that low-SES is associated with smaller hippocampal volume (Noble et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Scalp Event-Related Potentials: A Systematic Review

Perera-W.A.

Salehuddin

Khairudin

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Several decades of behavioral research have established that variations in socioeconomic status (SES) are related to differences in cognitive performance. Neuroimaging and psychophysiological techniques have recently emerged as a method of choice to better understand the neurobiological processes underlying this phenomenon. Here we present a systematic review of a particular sub-domain of this field. Specifically, we used the PICOS approach to review studies investigating potential relationships between SES and scalp event-related brain potentials (ERP). This review found evidence that SES is related to amplitude variations in a diverse range of ERPs: P1, N1, N2, Error-Related Negativities (ERN), N400, auditory evoked potentials, negative difference waves (Nd), P3 and slow waves (SW). These ERPs include early, mid-latency and late potentials that reflect a broad range of cognitive processes (e.g., automatic attentional processes, overt attention, language, executive function, etc.). In this review, all SES effects on ERPs appeared to reflect an impairment or a less efficient form of task-related neural activity for low-SES compared to high-SES individuals. Overall, these results confirm that a wide variety of distinct neural processes with different functional meanings are sensitive to SES differences. The findings of this review also suggest that the relationship between SES and some ERP components may depend on the developmental stage of study participants. Results are further discussed in terms of the current limitations of this field and future avenues of research.

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Associations between cortical thickness and reasoning differ by socioeconomic status in development

Cited by 42 publications

References 57 publications

What is an adaptive pattern of brain network coupling for a child? It depends on their environment

What is an adaptive pattern of brain network coupling for a child? It depends on their environment

Neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning in children varies with parental education

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Scalp Event-Related Potentials: A Systematic Review

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