Associations between child weight and maternal feeding styles are mediated by maternal perceptions and concerns

Webber, Laura; Hill, Claire; Cooke, Lucy; Carnell, Susan; Wardle, Jane

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.146

Cited by 196 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…This suggests that parents who exert higher levels of Covert Control might replace the home availability of unhealthy snacks by home availability of fruit, which is positively related to fruit intake (15,20,22,52) . Consistent with previous findings (23) , Encouragement was negatively related to child energy-dense snack intake, indicating that parental encouragement might be influenced by health beliefs: parents encourage their children's interest in and curiosity for a variety of healthy foods, resulting in the consumption of less unhealthy foods (23,49) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting

Rodenburg

Kremers

Oenema

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

115

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Objective: To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal (one-year follow-up) associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting, taking into account the multidimensionality of the controlling feeding style. Design: Linear regression analyses were performed. Parents completed a questionnaire to measure five feeding style dimensions (Instrumental Feeding, Emotional Feeding, Encouragement, Overt Control and Covert Control) and children's fruit, energy-dense snack and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intakes. Children's height and weight were measured to calculate their BMI Z-scores.Moderation by parenting style was tested by adding interaction terms to the regression analyses. Setting: Observational study in the Netherlands. Subjects: Parent-child dyads (n 1275) participating in the INPACT (IVO Nutrition and Physical Activity Child cohorT) study; children were (on average) 9 years of age. Results: Instrumental Feeding and Emotional Feeding were negatively related to child fruit intake one year later and positively to (changes in) child energy-dense snack intake. Encouragement was negatively related to child energy-dense snacking and SSB intake one year later. Overt Control was cross-sectionally and prospectively related to (changes in) child energy-dense snacking and SSB intake in a negative direction. Covert Control showed similar associations with child energy-dense snacking and SSB intake as Overt Control. Although Covert Control was also positively related to child fruit intake and (changes in) child BMI Z-score, bootstrapping analyses revealed only a differential effect of Overt Control and Covert Control on child BMI Z-score one year later, with Covert Control displaying a stronger, positive association. Moderation analyses showed that some significant associations between parental feeding styles and outcome measures were dependent on the degree of psychological control and behavioural control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting

Rodenburg

Kremers

Oenema

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Specifically, the children receiving increased pressure to eat had a lower BMI, BMI z score, %BF, and waist circumference compared with their cotwins. Previous studies have shown this association between pressure to eat and lower child weight status across families, 39,40 and experimental studies have found that pressuring children to eat (eg, "Finish your soup, please") can have counterproductive effects on a child' s eating and food preferences. 41 Pressuring a child to eat beyond satiety might also contribute to excess weight gain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Maternal Feeding Practices, Eating Self-Regulation, and Adiposity in Young Twins

et al. 2014

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OBJECTIVE: Restrictive feeding is associated with childhood obesity; however, this could be due to other factors that drive children to overeat and parents to restrict (eg, child genetics). Using a twin design to better control for confounders, we tested differences in restrictive feeding within families in relation to differences in twins’ self-regulatory eating and weight status. METHODS: Sixty-four same-gender twin pairs (4–7 years old) were studied with their mothers. Child caloric compensation ability (COMPX% index) was assessed by using a laboratory-based protocol. The Child Feeding Questionnaire assessed mothers’ self-reported feeding styles toward each twin. Child BMI (kg/m2) and BMI z score were calculated by using measured weight and height; percent body fat and waist circumference were also assessed. Partial correlations examined within-twin pair differences in Child Feeding Questionnaire subscales in relation to within-twin pair differences in anthropometry and caloric compensation (COMPX%). RESULTS: Differences in maternal restriction were significantly associated with within-pair differences in child COMPX% and BMI z score. Mothers reported more restriction toward the heavier and more poorly compensating twin. Additionally, within-pair differences in parental pressure to eat were associated with significant differences in BMI z score, percent body fat, and waist circumference. Mothers were more pressuring toward the lighter twin. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers vary in their feeding practices, even among same-gender twin pairs, which might influence differences in adiposity. Future research needs to elucidate cause-and-effect and intervention implications regarding parental restriction and pressure-to-eat prompts.

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“…Mothers generally use more restriction when they perceive their child as overweight or when they are concerned about the child becoming overweight in the future. 35,[45][46][47][48] Pressuring is more common in mothers who perceive their child as underweight. 35,45,47 However, most of these studies have focused on higher income white families who are unlikely to be food insecure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Insecurity and Obesogenic Maternal Infant Feeding Styles and Practices in Low-Income Families

et al. 2012

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Food insecurity has been linked to childhood obesity in a number of studies. Few studies have explored potential pathways through which food insecurity is related to child weight, especially in low-income families with young infants. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:We found that food insecurity was related to maternal controlling feeding styles and concerns about the infants' future weight. Early obesity prevention should aim to decrease food insecurity and to reduce controlling feeding styles in families who remain food insecure. abstract OBJECTIVES: We explored the relationship between household food insecurity and maternal feeding styles, infant feeding practices, and perceptions and attitudes about infant weight in low-income mothers. METHODS: Mothers participating in the Special Supplemental FoodProgram for Women, Infants, and Children with infants aged between 2 weeks and 6 months were interviewed. By using regression analyses, the following relationships were examined between food insecurity and: (1) controlling feeding styles (restrictive and pressuring); (2) infant feeding practices, including breastfeeding, juice consumption, and adding cereal to the bottle; and (3) perceptions and attitudes about infant weight. Path analysis was used to determine if perceptions and attitudes about infant weight mediated the relationships between food insecurity and controlling feeding styles. ). This concern mediated the relationship between food insecurity and both restrictive (P = .009) and pressuring (P = .01) feeding styles. RESULTS:CONCLUSIONS: Increased concern about future overweight and controlling feeding styles represent potential mechanisms by which food insecurity could be related to obesity. Obesity prevention should aim to decrease food insecurity and to reduce controlling feeding styles in families who remain food insecure. Pediatrics 2012;130:254-261

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Associations between child weight and maternal feeding styles are mediated by maternal perceptions and concerns

Cited by 196 publications

References 37 publications

Associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting

Associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting

Differential Maternal Feeding Practices, Eating Self-Regulation, and Adiposity in Young Twins

Food Insecurity and Obesogenic Maternal Infant Feeding Styles and Practices in Low-Income Families

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