Associations between birthweight and overweight and obesity in school‐age children

Kapral, Nicole; Miller, Sarah E.; Scharf, Rebecca J.; Gurka, Matthew J.; DeBoer, Mark D.

doi:10.1111/ijpo.12227

Cited by 68 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Women with overweight or obesity are more likely to give birth to high birth weight infants . Infants with a high birth weight tend to become children with overweight or obesity . Pregnant women with overweight or obesity are also more likely to require a Caesarean section, partly because of their increased risk of giving a birth to high birth weight infants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…69 Infants with a high birth weight tend to become children with overweight or obesity. 70 Pregnant women with overweight or obesity are also more likely to require a Caesarean section, 61 partly because of their increased risk of giving a birth to high birth weight infants. Almost all the aforementioned maternal overweight-and obesity-related adverse outcomes have also been positively linked with an increased risk of childhood-onset T1DM ( Table 1 and Figure 2A).…”

Section: Maternal Overweight and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of maternal body mass index, maternal diabetes mellitus, and maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in the offspring: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

2019

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Summary There is emerging evidence that events occurring before and shortly after birth may be important in determining the risk of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We aimed to summarize and synthesize the associations between maternal body mass index (BMI), maternal diabetes mellitus (DM), and maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood‐onset T1DM in the offspring by performing a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies. A random effects model was used to generate the summary risk estimates. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant observational studies. Twenty one observational studies were included in the present meta‐analysis. Compared with offspring of mothers with normal weight, offspring of women with overweight or obesity were at an increased risk of developing childhood‐onset T1DM (overweight: relative risk [RR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03‐1.15; obesity: RR 1.25, 95% CI, 1.16‐1.34; per 5 kg m−2 increase in BMI: RR 1.10, 95% CI, 1.06‐1.13). No association was found for maternal underweight (RR 0.92, 95% CI, 0.75‐1.13). Maternal DM was associated with an increased risk of childhood‐onset T1DM (RR 3.26, 95% CI, 2.84‐3.74). Regarding the type of maternal DM, the greatest risk of T1DM in the offspring appeared to be conferred by maternal T1DM (RR 4.46, 95% CI, 2.89‐6.89), followed by maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (RR 1.66, 95% CI, 1.16‐2.36), and lastly by maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR 1.11, 95% CI, 0.69‐1.80). Additional analysis of studies comparing maternal versus paternal T1DM within the same population revealed that offspring of fathers with T1DM had a 1.5 times higher risk of developing childhood‐onset T1DM than offspring of mothers with T1DM (RR 9.58, 95% CI, 6.33‐14.48 vs. RR 6.24, 95% CI, 5.52‐7.07). Furthermore, a reduced risk of childhood‐onset T1DM was observed in infants born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy compared with infants born to mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (RR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.71‐0.87). In summary, our findings add further evidence that early‐life events or environmental factors may play a role in modulating infants' risk of developing T1DM later in life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Maternal Overweight and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of maternal body mass index, maternal diabetes mellitus, and maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in the offspring: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

2019

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“…Because of this, we used 3 months rather than birth as Pathways to obesity from infancy to childhood | 625 a baseline. A previous study has noted that birthweight bears little relation to weight at 5 years (23), but another recent study found an association between high birthweight and raised BMI in midchildhood (24). However, it is not clear whether this association reflects increased fat mass, or just tracking of lean mass, because another recent study found that BMI at 9 months was associated only with fat free mass in adulthood (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways into and out of overweight and obesity from infancy to mid‐childhood

et al. 2018

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SummaryObjectivesTo investigate whether high weight in infancy predicts obesity in childhood.MethodData from two UK cohorts (Newcastle Growth and Development N = 795, Gateshead Millennium N = 393) and one Finnish (Tampere N = 1262) were combined. Z scores of weight at 3 and 12 months and body mass index (BMI) at 5 and 8 years were categorized as raised/overweight (1 to <2 SD) or high/obese (≥2 SD).ResultsThe majority of infants with raised or high weight at birth tended to revert to normal by 3 months and to track in the same category from 3 to 12 months. Although infants with high weight were five times more likely to have BMI ≥ 2 SD at 8 years (p < 0.001), only 22% went on to have BMI ≥ 2 SD, while 64% of infants with raised weight had normal BMI at 8 years. Of children with BMI ≥ 2 SD aged 8 years, only 22% had raised weight in infancy and half had BMI ≥ 2 SD for the first time at that age.ConclusionsInfants with raised weight in infancy tend to remain so, but most children who go on to have BMI ≥ 2 SD were not unusually heavy infants and the majority of infants with high weight reverted to overweight or normal weight in childhood.

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“…Prevention of childhood obesity following intensive glycemic control during hyperglycemic pregnancies had been theorized by researchers and clinicians based on the continuous relationship between maternal glycemia and birth weight 235,237,316 , and the relationship between higher birth weight and childhood excess weight. 311,317,318 In reviewing the literature, it appeared that only a few studiesthree to be exacttested this hypothesis, each with non-significant results ( Figure 6.2). The lack of significant effect of intensive glycemic management in women with mild GDM on childhood obesity might have been due to a limited normalisation of the intrauterine diabetes exposure.…”

Section: Prenatal Intervention To Limit Intrauterine Exposure To Diabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive gestational glycemic management and childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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Associations between birthweight and overweight and obesity in school‐age children

Abstract: High birthweight term and LGA preterm children had increased adjusted odds of obesity in school-age compared to their NBW counterparts. Physicians may provide counselling early in life for families of large infants to help prevent future obesity.

Cited by 68 publications

References 32 publications

The influence of maternal body mass index, maternal diabetes mellitus, and maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in the offspring: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

The influence of maternal body mass index, maternal diabetes mellitus, and maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in the offspring: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Pathways into and out of overweight and obesity from infancy to mid‐childhood

Intensive gestational glycemic management and childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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