Associations between anthropometric indicators and both refraction and ocular biometrics in a cross-sectional study of Chinese schoolchildren

Ye, Sheng; Liu, Shengxin; Li, Wenlei; Wang, Qifan; Wei, Xi; Zhang, Xin

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027212

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…But BMI did not raise the risk of myopia. The current results are consistent with Ye et al, 14 who demonstrated that among 482 Chinese children aged between 6 ~ 15 years, taller individuals were associated with longer ALs (b=+0.25, p<0.01), deeper VCDs (b=+0.23, p<0.01), higher AL/CC ratios (b=+0.04, p<0.01) and more negative refractions (b=−0.48, p<0.01). Nonetheless, BMI was not correlated with refraction in their multiple linear regression models.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

High Prevalence of Myopia and Low Hyperopia Reserve in 4411 Chinese Primary School Students and Associated Risk Factors

Liu

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of myopia in Chinese primary school students and their ocular biometrics including axial length (AL), corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER). To analyze their association with potential myopia risk factors, such as body mass index (BMI), cram school, time of outdoor activity and electronic screen use. Methods: In this cross-sectional study of 4500 primary school students from 5 schools, participants underwent refraction using non-cycloplegic autorefractor and visual acuity testing. Myopia was defined as SER ≤ -0.50 diopter (D) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) ＜ 0.00 logMAR (6/6). Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with myopia.Results: After excluding 389 participants, the overall prevalence of myopia was 33.6%. The prevalence of high myopia was 0.6%. The prevalence of myopia in girls was significantly higher than that in boys（37.6% vs. 30.0%, p<0.001). The height, weight and BMI were significantly associated with AL (r=0.471, r=0.440, r=0.276, p <0.001, respectively). AL/CRC ratio was more highly correlated with SER than AL alone. Age (p < 0.001), parental myopia (p = 0.001) and lack of outdoor activity between classes (p = 0.049) were independently associated with higher prevalence rates of myopia.Conclusion: The prevalence of myopia among Chinese schoolchildren is alarming high. Consistent with previous cross-sectional data, AL/CRC could function as myopia detection indicator. The hyperopia reserve among children aged between 6 ~7 years was low. Healthcare providers need to raise parents’ awareness of the importance of regular eye examination and proper optical correction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

High Prevalence of Myopia and Low Hyperopia Reserve in 4411 Chinese Primary School Students and Associated Risk Factors

Liu

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…We found no correlation between baseline physical parameters and future SE, which is consistent with the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort study in Singapore [ 14 ]. Conversely, Ye S et al found that personal anthropometry values, such as height and weight, remained independently related to refraction among schoolchildren aged 6–15 years old in Tianjin, China [ 38 ]. We infer that the absence of a relationship between anthropometric measures and SE may be due to the difference in the study population that varies in corneal and lens powers, which compensate for AL growth, although the eye grows in harmony with the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of premyopia and myopia in Chinese preschool children: a longitudinal cohort

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

BMC Ophthalmol

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Backgrounds Myopia has become a global public health problem. Children with early onset of myopia are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia. Younger children and children with greater initial myopic refractive errors are at a greater risk of myopia progression. Therefore, it is essential to identify subjects at high risk of developing myopia to facilitate myopia prevention in the early stage, especially during the preschool period. The purpose of this study was to determine whether premyopia and myopia in preschool children can be predicted by easily obtainable parameters. Methods Data was collected in a population-based cohort. Comprehensive examinations included height, weight, refraction, axial length (AL), and corneal radius of curvature (CR), with a follow-up of 2 years. Parental myopia history was obtained from a questionnaire. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 0.50 D. Premyopia was defined as − 0.50 D < SE ≤ + 0.75 D. Multivariate linear regression models were fitted to determine the associations between these parameters at baseline and future SE. To predict premyopia and myopia, Cox proportional hazard regression analysis coupled with a nomogram was used. Results A total of 830 children (433 boys and 397 girls) were included (40.83 ± 3.43 months old at baseline). A significantly negative relationship was observed in the multivariate analysis between baseline AL, AL/CR, two myopic parents, and the future SE after adjusting for age and gender (coefficient = − 0.291, coefficient = − 5.791, coefficient = − 0.273, respectively, both p < 0.001). Higher baseline AL, AL/CR (hazard ratio (HR) = 4.916, HR = 2.979, respectively, comparing the top quartile with the bottom quartile, both p < 0.001) and two myopic parents (HR = 1.756, compared to no myopic parents, p = 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of future onset of premyopia. From the nomogram, AL/CR was found to have the most enormous effect on survival. Different baseline AL and AL/CR values (both Log Rank p < 0.001) had different survival curves. Conclusions AL and AL/CR could be used as obtainable indicators for identifying subjects at high risk of developing premyopia and myopia in young preschool children.

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“…The association between height and AL has been demonstrated in previous cross-sectional studies (11)(12)(13)(14) and longitudinal cohort studies (15)(16)(17). In 2002, Saw et al (11) proved that taller children have longer AL by analyzing the height and AL of 1,449 children aged 7-9 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…AL was measured using non-invasive, non-contact optical low-coherence reflectometry (Lenstar LS900; Haag-Streit AG, 3098 Koeniz, Switzerland) without pupil dilation. Three consecutive measurements were acquired, and the mean result was used ( 13 ). If the error of the three measurements was >0.1 mm, AL was remeasured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children

Tao¹,

Wang

Peng

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo identify the relationship between the increase in axial length (AL) and height in school-age children and explore the influence of refractive status on such a relationship.MethodsIn this 5-year cohort study, 414 Chinese children (237 boys) aged 6–9 years (mean 7.12) underwent measurements annually. AL was measured using the Lenstar; height with the children standing, without shoes; and refraction using subjective refraction without cycloplegia. Participants were divided according to the refractive status: persistent emmetropia, persistent myopia, and newly developed myopia. The measurement time points of the persistent emmetropia and persistent myopia groups were marked as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. The time of myopia onset in the newly developed myopia group was marked as t0; the preceding time points were marked as t−1, t−2, and so on, and the succeeding as t1, t2, and so on. The association between increase in AL and height was analyzed using simple correlation analysis.ResultsThe mean changes in AL, height, and refraction were 1.39 mm, 23.60 cm, and −1.69 D, respectively, over 5 years in all children. The increase in AL and height were positively correlated for T1~T2, T1~T3, T1~T4, and T1~T5 (r = 0.262, P < 0.001; r = 0.108, P = 0.034; r = 0.165, P = 0.001; r = 0.174, P = 0.001, respectively). The changes in AL and height in the newly developed myopia group were significantly correlated (r = 0.289, P = 0.009) after myopia onset (t0~t2).ConclusionThe increase in AL and height were positively correlated, especially in the newly developed myopia group after myopia onset. Thus, when children grow quickly, AL elongation should be monitored.

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Associations between anthropometric indicators and both refraction and ocular biometrics in a cross-sectional study of Chinese schoolchildren

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

High Prevalence of Myopia and Low Hyperopia Reserve in 4411 Chinese Primary School Students and Associated Risk Factors

High Prevalence of Myopia and Low Hyperopia Reserve in 4411 Chinese Primary School Students and Associated Risk Factors

Prediction of premyopia and myopia in Chinese preschool children: a longitudinal cohort

Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children

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