Associations amongst form of cocaine used (powder vs crack vs both) and HIV-related outcomes

Liu, Yiyang; Richards, Veronica L; Gebru, Nioud Mulugeta; Spencer, Emma; Cook, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100374

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…Regarding the high added value and use by higher social classes, cocaine is one of the most trafficked and seized drugs worldwide. In opposition, crack stones derived from cocaine are usually consumed by lower social classes and sold in the streets at a low cost ( 27 ). In general, crack is a low-cost drug manufactured from unrefined cocaine in clandestine laboratories within the country itself to be sold on the streets, being not economically advantageous for trafficking compared to refined cocaine, which can explain lower apprehensions of crack compared to cocaine, related to NDDs employment in CBPs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection dogs fighting transnational narcotraffic: performance and challenges under real customs scenario in Brazil

Jantorno,

Xavier,

Magalhães

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Narcotic Detection Dogs (NDDs) are essential tools in the fight against drug trafficking, acting with high precision and improving efficiency at border posts. When trained efficiently, these dogs can detect a great variety of compounds, such as cocaine, marijuana and its derivatives, and synthetic drugs, among others. Most of the knowledge on canine detection processes and efficiency has been determined in experimentally controlled conditions, but narcotic seizures detected by dogs in realistic anti-drug operations have not yet been critically determined in a Country with continental dimensions such as Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the data set concerning the performance, operations, efficiency, and success rate of NDDs used by the Brazilian Customs Authority (Aduana) in the fight against drug trafficking. Narcotic seizure rates increased in luggage and packages detected by NDDs working at border crossings from 2010 to 2020, with an estimated value of over US$ 2 billion in losses to the cocaine drug trafficking business. NDD units also increased most narcotic groups seized in the same period. The number of NDDs and anti-drug operations, and Customs Border Post (CBP) influenced the rates of drugs seized. NDDs provided an increase of 3,157 kg/animal of drugs seized for every new dog introduced into the inspection systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%