Associations among High-Quality Protein and Energy Intake, Serum Transthyretin, Serum Amino Acids and Linear Growth of Children in Ethiopia

Abstract

Limited evidence is available on the associations of high-quality protein and energy intake, serum transthyretin (TTR), serum amino acids and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with linear growth of young children. Data collected during the baseline of a randomized control trial involving rural Ethiopian children aged 6–35 months (n = 873) were analyzed to evaluate the associations among height/length-for-age z-scores, dietary intakes, and these biomarkers (i.e., serum level of TTR, IGF-1, tryptophan and lysine, and inflammation). The prevalence of stunting was higher for children >23 months (38%) than ≤23 months (25%). The prevalence of inflammation was 35% and of intestinal parasites 48%. Three-quarters of the children were energy deficient, and stunted children had lower daily energy intake that non-stunted children (p < 0.05). Intakes of tryptophan, protein, and energy, and serum levels of tryptophan and IGF-1 were positively correlated with the linear growth of children. Controlling for inflammation, intestinal parasites, and sociodemographic characteristics, daily tryptophan (b = 0.01, p = 0.001), protein (b = 0.01, p = 0.01) and energy (b = 0.0003, p = 0.04) intakes and serum TTR (b = 2.58, p = 0.04) and IGF-1 (b = 0.01, p = 0.003) were positively associated with linear growth of children. Linear growth failure in Ethiopian children is likely associated with low quality protein intake and inadequate energy intake. Nutrition programs that emphasize improved protein quantity and quality and energy intake may enhance the linear growth of young children and need to be further investigated in longitudinal and interventional studies.

Association of Growth Velocity with Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Levels in Children with a Vegan Diet

“…29,30,31,32 Vegan children have consumption of protein, calcium, zinc which are according to the recommended daily requirements (RDA). 34 Nutritional needs of children in Indonesia is based on the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 75 of 2013.…”

Optimasi Formula MP-ASI Bubuk Instan Sumber Protein dengan Subtitusi Hidrolisat Protein Ikan (HPI) dan Tepung Kacang Hijau Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

“…Protein dan asam amino esensial sangat dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan anak termasuk bayi. Anak-anak lebih sensitif kekurangan zat gizi dibandingkan orang dewasa dikarenakan kebutuhan fungsi fisiologis anak untuk tumbuh dan berkembang secara pesat (Tessema et al, 2018). Kebutuhan protein juga sangat berkaitan dengan kejadian stunting (Uauy et al, 2016).…”

“…Oleh karena itu, penelitian menggunakan produk lokal ini penting sekali untuk dilakukan. Ikan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa produk teknologi pangan lembaga penelitian nasional yang memiliki murah dan nilai gizi yang cukup tinggi dan termasuk dalam sumber protein hewani berkualitas lebih baik dibandingkan protein nabati (Tessema et al, 2018).…”

“…Hasil penelitian ini memiliki nilai optimal kandungan protein yang lebih tinggi yaitu 20,53%. Hal ini dipengaruhi dengan komposisi bahan pembuatan MP-ASI yang telah diketahui bahwa kualitas protein yang dari hewani lebih baik dari nabati (Tessema et al, 2018). Protein hewani memiliki asam amino esensial yang lengkap, sedangkan protein nabati memiliki asam amino esensial yang tidak lengkap karena kekurangan satu atau dua asam amino esensial.…”

Polymethionine modified carbon nanotube sensor for sensitive and selective determination of L-tryptophan

“…L-TPN has a major impact on the brain, since if not properly metabolized, a waste toxic product would be formed, leading to delusions and hallucinations [4]. It has already been pointed out that depletion of L-TPN levels is accompanied by weight gain, affecting the growth of kids, anxiety, chronic insomnia, depression and pellagra [5][6][7][8]. At the other side, high intake of L-TPN leads to eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome [6].…”