Associations among eating behaviors, food security status, and dietary intake during pregnancy

Food insecurity during pregnancy in high‐income countries, and maternal weight and diet: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…All included studies were cohorts published between 2012 and 2023, containing data collected between 2005 and 2022 (Table 1). There were sixteen prospective 43,46–49,51–53,55–62 and four retrospective 44,45,50,54 cohort studies. The majority of studies were conducted in North America (17 in the USA 43–52,54–60 and two in Canada 53,62 ), and one was conducted in Europe (France 61 ).…”

“…There were sixteen prospective 43,46–49,51–53,55–62 and four retrospective 44,45,50,54 cohort studies. The majority of studies were conducted in North America (17 in the USA 43–52,54–60 and two in Canada 53,62 ), and one was conducted in Europe (France 61 ). Sample sizes ranged from 70 58 to 12,097 54 with a pooled sample size of 32,803 women.…”

“…Sample sizes ranged from 70 58 to 12,097 54 with a pooled sample size of 32,803 women. There were 16 studies published in peer‐reviewed journal articles 43–49,51,52,55–61 and four masters or PhD theses 50,53,54,62 (Table 1 and Table S5). The majority of studies (n = 17) assessed the study participants' exposure to food insecurity using a version/or adapted version of the USDA Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) ranging from 1 to 18 questions 43–49,51,53,54,56–62 .…”

“…There were 16 studies published in peer‐reviewed journal articles 43–49,51,52,55–61 and four masters or PhD theses 50,53,54,62 (Table 1 and Table S5). The majority of studies (n = 17) assessed the study participants' exposure to food insecurity using a version/or adapted version of the USDA Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) ranging from 1 to 18 questions 43–49,51,53,54,56–62 . The other three studies each used alternate tools: a validated single‐question rapid assessment tool from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey, 50 a single question from the Pregnancy Nutrition Questionnaire, 52 and a validated two‐item screening tool, the Hunger Vital Sign 55 .…”

“…The other three studies each used alternate tools: a validated single‐question rapid assessment tool from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey, 50 a single question from the Pregnancy Nutrition Questionnaire, 52 and a validated two‐item screening tool, the Hunger Vital Sign 55 . Fourteen studies reported associations between food insecurity and weight outcomes 44,45,47,50–52,54–61 and eleven reported diet outcomes 43,44,46,48,49,52,53,55,59,61,62 . Quality scores ranged from four to eight stars, therefore all included studies were rated as high (n = 13) or medium (n = 7) quality, with no low‐quality studies (Table S6).…”