Associational resistance to a tropical leaf-miner: does neighbour identity matter?

Orians, Colin M.; Björkman, Christer

doi:10.1017/s0266467409990071

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In contrast, our finding that oak vulnerability to galling and intensity of leaf mining was more severe in the presence of nearby oaks conforms to expectations of associational resistance to specialist feeders (Tahvanainen & Root, ) such as monophagous gall formers (Abrahamson, Melika, Scrafford, & Csoka, ; Hough, ) and oligophagous leaf miners (Auerbach & Simberloff, ; Faeth, Mopper, & Simberloff, ), which can feed on only one or a few related species (Castagneyrol et al, ; Himanen et al, ; Jactel & Brockerhoff, ; Lau et al, ; Orians & Björkman, ). Similarly, we found that red maples experienced a lower intensity of anthracnose infection in more phylogenetically diverse environments (Gilbert, ; Pautasso, Holdenrieder, & Stenlid, ; Peay & Bruns, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

et al. 2018

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1. Forest structure and diversity can regulate tree vulnerability to damage by insects and pathogens. Past work suggests that trees with diverse neighbours should experience less leaf herbivory and less damage from specialist herbivores and diseases, and that the effect of neighbourhood diversity should be strongest at small spatial scales.2. In an early stage temperate tree diversity experiment, we monitored damage from leaf removing herbivores, specialist (gallers and leaf miners) herbivores, and two specialist fungal diseases (maple leaf anthracnose and cedar apple gall rust) over 3 years. The experimental design included treatments that varied independently in phylogenetic and functional diversity and we made our analyses across four spatial scales (1-16 m 2 ).3. Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased leaf removal for some species, decreased it for others, and had no effect on yet others. Height apparency-the difference between a focal plant's height and its neighbours'-was the best single predictor of leaf removal across species and spatial scales, but the strength and direction of its effect were also species-specific. 4. Specialist pathogens and fungal foliar diseases showed signs of associational resistance and susceptibility. Oaks (Quercus spp.) were more resistant to leaf miners and maples were more resistant to anthracnose when surrounded by diverse neighbours (associational resistance). In contrast, birches (Betula papyrifera) were more susceptible to leaf miners and eastern red cedars (Juniperus virginiana) were more susceptible to cedar apple gall rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) infection in diverse environments (associational susceptibility). 5. Herbivore and pathogen damage was better predicted by community structure and diversity at small spatial scales (1 and 4 m 2 ) than large scales (9 and 16 m 2 ), suggesting a characteristic spatial scale for these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning effects. 6. Synthesis. Humans control forest diversity through selective harvesting and planting in natural stands and plantations. Our experimental demonstration of the role of local community structure and diversity in suppressing some forms of pest and Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. How to cite this article: Grossman JJ, Cavender-Bares J, Reich PB, Montgomery RA, Hobbie SE. Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment. J Ecol. 2019;107:1492-1505. https://doi.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

et al. 2018

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“…Unless other ovipositing females are present, the risk of attack to uninfested leaves is zero. Moreover, it is not uncommon for these sedentary species to aggregate (Whitham 1983;Orians and Björkman 2009). We therefore predict that damage by sedentary herbivores will favor export of resources from the attacked leaves (Fig.…”

Section: Bioticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbivore-induced resource sequestration in plants: why bother?

2011

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Herbivores can cause numerous changes in primary plant metabolism. Recent studies using radioisotopes, for example, have found that insect herbivores and related cues can induce faster export from leaves and roots and greater partitioning into tissues inaccessible to foraging herbivores. This process, termed induced resource sequestration, is being proposed as an important response of plants to cope with herbivory. Here, we review the evidence for resource sequestration and suggest that associated allocation and ecological costs may limit the benefit of this response because resources allocated to storage are not immediately available to other plant functions or may be consumed by other enemies. We then present a conceptual model that describes the conditions under which benefits might outweigh costs of induced resource sequestration. Benefits and costs are discussed in the context of differences in plant life-history traits and biotic and abiotic conditions, and new testable hypotheses are presented to guide future research. We predict that intrinsic factors related to life history, ontogeny and phenology will alter patterns of induced sequestration. We also predict that induced sequestration will depend on certain external factors: abiotic conditions, types of herbivores, and trophic interactions. We hope the concepts presented here will stimulate more focused research on the ecological and evolutionary costs and benefits of herbivore-induced resource sequestration.

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“…Traditional neighborhood studies have often used additive or substitutive experimental designs to manipulate neighbor and focal plant densities. These designs are problematic in that they confound effects of non-focal plant density with total plant density (additive designs, [ 30 , 31 ]), or confound host plant density with non-focal density (substitutive designs, [ 32 , 33 ]), making it difficult to assess the contribution of density or relative frequency effects on damage. These confounding issues can be overcome by adopting a response surface experimental design [ 34 ] that varies the both density and relative frequency of both species independently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How plant neighborhood composition influences herbivory: Testing four mechanisms of associational resistance and susceptibility

Kim

2017

PLoS ONE

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Neighboring plants can decrease or increase each other’s likelihood of damage from herbivores through associational resistance or susceptibility, respectively. Associational effects (AE) can transpire through changes in herbivore or plant traits that affect herbivore movement, densities, and feeding behaviors to ultimately affect plant damage. While much work has focused on understanding the mechanisms that underlie associational effects, we know little about how these mechanisms are influenced by neighborhood composition, i.e., plant density or relative frequency which is necessary to make predictions about when AE should occur in nature. Using a series of field and greenhouse experiments, I examined how plant density and relative frequency affected plant damage to Solanum carolinense and four mechanisms that underlie AE; (i) accumulation of insect herbivores and arthropod predators, (ii) microclimate conditions, (iii) plant resistance, and (iv) specialist herbivore preference. I found a positive relationship between S. carolinense damage and the relative frequency of a non-focal neighbor (Solidago altissima) and all four AE mechanisms were influenced by one or multiple neighborhood components. Frequency-dependence in S. carolinense damage is most likely due to greater generalist herbivore load on S. carolinense (through spillover from S. altissima) with microclimate variables, herbivore preference, predation pressures, and plant resistance having relatively weaker effects. Associational effects may have long-term consequences for these two plant species during plant succession and understanding context-dependent herbivory has insect pest management implication for other plant species in agriculture and forestry.

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Associational resistance to a tropical leaf-miner: does neighbour identity matter?

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

Herbivore-induced resource sequestration in plants: why bother?

How plant neighborhood composition influences herbivory: Testing four mechanisms of associational resistance and susceptibility

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