Association Rule Learning Is an Easy and Efficient Method for Identifying Profiles of Traumas and Stressors that Predict Psychopathology in Disaster Survivors: The Example of Sri Lanka

Jayawickreme, Nuwan; Atefi, Ehsan; Jayawickreme, Eranda; Qin, Jiale; Gandomi, Amir H.

doi:10.3390/ijerph17082850

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…A total of 9937 article titles and abstracts were screened, 1739 full-text articles were assessed, and 266 articles were included for analysis (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1). One article was published in 1947 and the rest in 1977 to 2021, with an average increase of 0.25 additional articles published per year from 1977 ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Milewski,

Weinstein,

Lurie

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceDespite its prohibition by the United Nations Convention against Torture and other international treaties, torture has been perpetrated against countless individuals worldwide, and health care practitioners globally are increasingly encountering refugee torture survivors in their clinical practices. The methods, geographic distribution, and frequency of torture globally are not well described, which limits health care practitioners’ ability to adequately diagnose and treat the sequelae of torture.ObjectiveTo rank the commonness of torture methods and identify the regions of the world with which they are associated.Data SourcesFor this systematic review and meta-analysis, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to July 2021.Study SelectionIncluded studies were peer-reviewed articles in English, contained an independent sample population of individuals who experienced torture, and outlined the type(s) of torture experienced. Excluded studies were not peer reviewed, lacked an independent sample population, or did not specify torture methods. Articles were chosen for inclusion by 2 independent and blinded reviewers, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. Overall, 266 articles—15.3% of the 1739 studies initially identified for full review—met the inclusion criteria.Data Extraction and SynthesisData abstraction and quality assessment followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were extracted by 2 independent and blinded reviewers into predefined templates, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Downs and Black Checklist.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTorture methods were ranked by their average frequencies, numbers of reporting studies, and numbers of countries wherein the methods occurred.ResultsA total of 9937 titles and abstracts were screened, and 266 studies encompassing 103 604 individuals (13 350 men, 5610 women, and 84 644 unspecified) were analyzed. Torture was reported for 105 countries; 21 methods accounted for 84% of all reported methods and 10 methods accounted for 78% of all physical tortures. The top 3 methods were beating or blunt-force trauma (reported in 208 studies and 59 countries; average frequency, 62.4%; 95% CI, 57.7%-67.1%), electrical torture (reported in 114 studies and 28 countries; average frequency, 17.2%; 95% CI, 15.0%-19.4%), and starvation or dehydration (reported in 65 studies in 26 countries; average frequency, 12.7%; 95% CI, 10.2%-15.2%). According to the Downs and Black appraisal tool, 50 studies were rated as good or excellent and 216 as fair or poor.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that torture remains widespread. Although innumerable torture methods exist, a limited number account for the vast majority of reported tortures. So that targeted therapies may be developed, additional investigation is needed to better elucidate the sequelae associated with the most common torture methods, described here.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Milewski,

Weinstein,

Lurie

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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“…A high support value means that this association rule is very significant. Confidence is the ratio of the frequency that the antecedent and consequent items cooccur to the frequency that the antecedent item occurs individually, indicating the accuracy of the rule [ 38 ]. The support and confidence of rule is expressed as follows:

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medication Regularity of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Aplastic Anemia Based on Data Mining

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2022

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Objective. Aplastic anemia (AA) is an uncommon disease, characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow, but it is common in the blood system. The medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of AA are not clear, for which it is worth exploring the medication rules by data mining methods. Methods. This study used SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS statistics to analyze the cases of AA from Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (ZJHCM) from March 1, 2019, to March 1, 2022. Data mining methods, including frequency analysis, cluster analysis, and association rule learning, were performed in order to explore the medication rules for AA. Results. (1) A total of 859 prescriptions, which met the inclusion criteria, consisted of 255 herbs. In descending order of the frequency of herbal medicine, we have Danggui, Huangqi, Shudihuang, Fuling, Gancao, Shanyao, Shanzhuyu, Baizhu, Dangshen, and Xianhecao. (2) Frequency analysis of herb properties: the Four Qi of 255 kinds of TCMs are mainly warm and neutral medicines. The Five Flavors are mainly sweet medicines, followed by bitter medicines. The main meridians are the liver, spleen, and kidney. (3) Clustering of medications: TCMs with the top 20 frequencies are classified into 9 groups by cluster analysis. (4) Association rule analysis of high-frequency herbs: using the Apriori algorithm, the results showed that there were 3 herb pairs with support of over 0.3 and 12 herb pairs with confidence above 0.85. Conclusion. The basic pathogenesis of AA (Sui Lao) is spleen and kidney essence deficiency, Qi deficiency, and blood stasis. The main herbs have warm and neutral properties, sweet tastes, and liver, spleen, and kidney meridian tropisms, whose purpose is to tonify the kidney and invigorate the spleen, tonify Qi, and promote blood circulation.

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“…Confidence is the ratio of the frequency that the antecedent and consequent items cooccur to the frequency that the antecedent item occurs individually, indicating how accurate the rule is [28]. e calculate equation is…”

Section: Association Rule Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on Medication Rules of Chinese Medicinal Herb Formulae in Uterine Subinvolution Treatment Based on Data Mining

Luo

Yang

Liu

et al. 2022

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Introduction. Uterine subinvolution, especially the subinvolution of the placental site, can be a life-threatening disease that induces secondary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Chinese Herbal Medicine has been widely used to improve postpartum recovery and treat uterine subinvolution for thousands of years. Yet, there are many potential laws hidden that are worth exploring. Methods. Prescriptions treating uterine subinvolution were searched and collected to form datasets. Data mining methods including frequency analysis, cluster analysis, and association rule learning were performed to uncover the potent prescription laws of uterine subinvolution treatment. Results. A total of 803 formulae involving 249 herbs were obtained. The top 6 most frequently used herbs were Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui), Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuanxiong), Leonuri Herba (Yimucao), Persicae Semen (Taoren), Zingiberis Rhizoma Preparatum (Paojiang), and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata (Zhigancao). Most of the 249 herbs were being warm in properties, sweet in tastes, and mainly distributed to liver and spleen meridian tropisms. Deficiency-tonifying herbs accounted for the most proportion and heat-clearing herbs ranked the second, followed by blood-activating and stasis-eliminating herbs. 6 clusters were generated by hierarchical clustering, and 5 of them were of clinical significance. 78 rules with support values over 0.25, confidence values over 0.8, and lift values greater than 1 were generated by association rule learning. Conclusion. The basic principles for uterine subinvolution treatment were deficiency-tonifying, heat-clearing, blood-activating, and stasis-eliminating. Herbs with warm properties, sweet tastes, and liver and spleen meridian tropisms are generally suitable. In addition, Sheng-Hua-Tang was the most frequently used formula for the treatment of uterine subinvolution, yet the dialectical prescriptions were diversified with different patterns/symptoms.

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Association Rule Learning Is an Easy and Efficient Method for Identifying Profiles of Traumas and Stressors that Predict Psychopathology in Disaster Survivors: The Example of Sri Lanka

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Medication Regularity of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Aplastic Anemia Based on Data Mining

Analysis on Medication Rules of Chinese Medicinal Herb Formulae in Uterine Subinvolution Treatment Based on Data Mining

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