Association of walkability and NO2 with metabolic syndrome: A cohort study in China

Impact of Green Space and Built Environment on Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

“…Three more reported metabolic syndrome prevalence (Tsiampalis et al, 2021;Voss et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2019), while two reported a metabolic syndrome cluster score (Tharrey et al, 2023Dengel et al, 2009. The majority used expert consensus and statements including the World Health Organization (WHO) (Barr et al, 2016;de Keijzer et al, 2020); Joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, and International Association for the Study of Obesity (Barnett et al, 2022, Ke et al, 2022, Tharrey et al, 2023, Voss et al, 2021, Yang et al, 2019; National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) (Joseph and Vega-Lopez, 2020;Letellier et al, 2022;Tsiampalis et al, 2021); International Diabetes Federation criteria (Baldock et al 2012(Baldock et al , 2018; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association (Braun et al, 2016); or criteria of the Metabolic Syndrome Study Cooperation Group of the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS2004) (Zhu et al, 2023). Two studies did not report any source for their definition of metabolic syndrome (Aguilera et al, 2021;Dengel et al, 2009).…”

“…Nine studies (50%) reported only green space (Baldock et al, 2018;de Keijzer et al, 2019;Ke et al, 2023;Tharrey et al, 2023;Tsiampalis et al, 2021;Voss et al, 2021;. Seven studies (39%) reported only built environment factors (Aguilera et al, 2021;Baldock et al, 2012;Braun et al, 2016;Dengel et al, 2009;Joseph and Vega-López, 2020;Letellier et al, 2022;Zhu et al, 2023). Two studies (11%) reported both built environment and green space exposures (Barnett et al, 2022;Dengel et al, 2009) (Table 1).…”

“…The built environment was characterized as traffic-related measures (n = 3), including distance nearest to major arterial roads (Majart), street length, distance nearest Port of Entry (POE), inverse of distance to nearest POE and traffic vehicle miles traveled (VMT) (Aguilera et al, 2021), street intersection density (Barnett et al, 2022), or street pattern (Dengel et al, 2009). Other built environment measures were landuse mix (n = 3) (Baldock et al, 2012;Barnett et al, 2022;Dengel et al, 2009), walkability (n = 3) (Braun et al, 2016;Joseph and Vega-lopez, 2020;Zhu et al, 2023), transportations accessibility (n = 3) (Barr et al, 2016;Dengel et al, 2009;Letellier et al, 2022), population density (n = 1) (Barnett et al, 2022) and residential density (n = 1) (Dengel et al, 2009) (Table 1, Table S9).…”

“…Two studies estimated walkability in each participant's residential location using a free web-based tool available at https://www.walkscore.com/, an algorithm with scores ranging from 0 to 100 reflecting the degree of walkability. Studies used a walkability score (Braun et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2023), and two used questionnaires to estimate the perceived local land-use mix (Baldock et al, 2012) and perceived walking environment (Joseph and Vega-lopez, 2020) (Table S9).…”

“…Previous studies have shown that the built environment can influence resident's metabolic health by influencing physical activity and sedentary behavior (Dengel et al, 2009;Edwardson et al, 2012;Frank et al, 2007;Saelens et al, 2003). For example, a study in China reported that higher walkability (accessibility to nearby amenities from residences or workplaces) was associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome incidence (Zhu et al, 2023). Perceived local land use mix was also negatively associated with metabolic syndrome (Baldock et al, 2012).…”