Background
Methods and Results
We developed a novel, integrative method (combining animal models, transcriptomics, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and trait-extreme phenotypes) to identify candidate genes for essential hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. We first undertook transcriptome profiling on adrenal glands from blood pressure extreme mouse strains: the hypertensive BPH and hypotensive BPL. Microarray data clustering revealed a striking pattern of global underexpression of intermediary metabolism transcripts in BPH. The MITRA algorithm identified a conserved motif in the transcriptional regulatory regions of the underexpressed metabolic genes, and we then hypothesized that regulation through this motif contributed to the global underexpression. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated transcriptional activity of the motif, via transcription factors HOXA3, SRY, and YY1. We finally hypothesized that genetic variation at HOXA3, SRY, and YY1 might predict blood pressure and other metabolic syndrome traits in humans. Tagging variants for each locus were associated with BP in a human population BP extreme sample, with the most extensive associations for YY1 tagging SNP rs11625658, on SBP, DBP, BMI, and fasting glucose. Meta-analysis extended the YY1 results into two additional large population samples, with significant effects preserved on DBP, BMI, and fasting glucose.
Conclusions
The results outline an innovative, systematic approach to the genetic pathogenesis of complex cardiovascular disease traits, and point to transcription factor YY1 as a potential candidate gene involved in essential hypertension and the cardio-metabolic syndrome.