Association of Some Vitamins and Minerals with Periodontitis in a Nationally Representative Sample of Korean Young Adults

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the intakes of some kinds of vitamins and minerals are associated with periodontitis in a nationally representative sample of young adults. This study comprised 2049 young adults aged 19-39 years who took both periodontal examination and nutrition survey. The vitamin and mineral intakes were calculated from dietary intake data gained by complete one-day 24-h recall interviews, and the intake levels for each nutrient were classified by the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans and median values. Periodontitis was assessed using Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed in a whole sample and subgroups with the strata of gender or smoking, following a complex sampling design. In analyses according to RNI, a lower intake of niacin was significantly associated with periodontitis in young adults (odd ratio [OR] 1.47, 95% confidential interval [CI] 1.09-2.00) and in its subgroup of women (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.10-2.64) and current non-smokers (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.22-2.51). Whereas, in analyses according to median intake values, there were significant associations of periodontitis with a lower intake of niacin in women (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.02-2.46) and current non-smokers (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.01-2.22), with lower intake of vitamin C in women (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.04-2.64) and in current non-smokers (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.04-2.14), with lower intake of iron in women (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.11-3.07), and with lower intake of vitamin A marginally in women (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.00-2.44). In young adults, periodonitis is significantly associated with the lower intakes of niacin, vitamin C, and iron, especially in women and current non-smokers.

Retinol/inflammation affect stemness and differentiation potential of gingival stem/progenitor cells via Wnt/β‐catenin

“…Chronic periodontitis was demonstrated to be marginally associated with a lower Vitamin A intake in young adult Korean women. 4 Low serum levels of a number of carotenoids, in particular beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene, were demonstrated to be associated with an increased prevalence of periodontitis in a sample of 1258, 60-70 years old, Western European men. 5 Oral supplementation of all-trans retinoic acid every other day in a Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis model in mice was shown to arrest periodontal inflammatory disease, inhibit inflammatory cell infiltrate, enhance T-regulatory cell activation, and arrest further alveolar bone loss.…”

“…Investigations demonstrated a significant correlation between Vitamin A deficiency and the presence of chronic periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis was demonstrated to be marginally associated with a lower Vitamin A intake in young adult Korean women . Low serum levels of a number of carotenoids, in particular beta‐cryptoxanthin and beta‐carotene, were demonstrated to be associated with an increased prevalence of periodontitis in a sample of 1258, 60‐70 years old, Western European men .…”

Relationship between Vitamin C and Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review

“…From these 46 potential relevant articles, 31 did not meet the criteria. Finally, 15 publications (7 cross-sectional studies [23][24][25][26][27][28][29], 2 case-control studies [30,31], 2 cohort studies [32,33]), and 4 RCTs [34][35][36][37]) were selected for systematic review, as shown in the flow chart ( Figure 1). Excluding the RCTs, 6 of the remaining 11 studies estimated vitamin C intake from dietary investigation and 6 studies measured blood vitamin C concentration.…”

“…With regard to exposure, 4 cross-sectional studies [23][24][25][26], one case-control study [31] and one cohort study [32] assessed dietary intake. Of these studies, five used dietary recall [23][24][25][26]31], specifically, two studies used multiple dietary recalls [24,31], and three used a single dietary recall [23,25,26]. Since a single 24-h dietary recall could not be considered to reflect one's habitual diet [38], multiple 24-h recalls are desirable and this technique was rated as "satisfactory".…”

“…Four studies analyzed the relation of vitamin C intake to periodontal disease. Two studies used the same subjects (participants in the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) [23,25]. Both studies set 2/3 as the cut-off score for the CPI.…”