Association of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) serum on COVID-19 severity: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new health problem discovered in 2019 thus requires biomarkers that can detect early tissue damage. Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (sRAGE) is a biomarker that can be used to identify early lung damage. Objective Analyzing the association of serum sRAGE with COVID-19 severity. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional design with a consecutive sampling method. It was conducted from May 2020–October 2021. The number of participants in this study was 145 participants which were divided into 2 groups (non-severe = 47 and severe = 98). Association of sRAGE serum with COVID-19 severity was analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independence t-test, Mann Withney test, and Spearman's rank test with p -value <0.05. Results The results of blood analysis showed several blood components such as leukocytes (9896.51 ± 4949.64/μL; z = 2.431; p = 0.015), lymphocytes (13.55 ± 8.48%; z = 2.256; p = 0.024), neutrophils (78.91 ± 10.50%; z = 2.464; p = 0.014), procalcitonin (0.92 ± 3.22 ng/mL; z = 3.323; p = 0.001), CRP (8.59 ± 7.62 mg/L; z = 2.114; p = 0.034), D-dimer (4360.29 ± 7797.81 ng/mL; z = 2.186; p = 0.029), and fibrinogen (474.58 ± 168.90 mg/dL; t = 0.383; p = 0.703). There was a significant difference in serum sRAGE values in the non-severe group (0.78 [0.63–1.00] ng/mL) and severe group (1.47 [0.97–2.25] ng/mL; r = 7.154; p < 0.001). There was a significant association between serum sRAGE and COVID-19 severity ( r = 0.598; p < 0.001). The cut-off value for serum sRAGE between the severe and non-severe groups was 0.985 ng/mL. This study obtained sensitivity of 73.5%, specificity of 74.5% OR 8.077 and AUC 0.868 95% CI. Conclusion There is a significant association between serum sRAGE and COVID-19 severity and there is also a significant difference in serum sRAGE in the two groups.

National early warning score (NEWS) 2 predicts hospital mortality from COVID-19 patients

“…Participants in this study were patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Participant criteria included >18 years old, confirmed COVID-19 based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [ 7 , 8 ] and X-ray/CT Scan of the thorax [ 9 ], did not receive oxygen therapy before, administration of antivirals, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, multivitamin, and previous symptomatic therapy, the patient received at least 1 × 24-h treatment and had the comorbid disease. Participant exclusion criteria included pregnant patients, patients who received positive pressure, went into shock, and had mental disorders.…”

Effect of combined locomotor training and aerobic exercise on increasing handgrip strength in elderly with locomotive syndrome: A randomised controlled trial

“…The limitation of this research in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic was the small number of participants because the participants in the study were an age group that was vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Previous studies stated that the elderly with COVID-19 had a high probability of experiencing COVID-19 severity or dying [ 40 , 41 ]. In addition, it is hoped that the single intervention (locotra only) in future studies can be compared with another intervention (for example, aerobic exercise, Otago exercise, etc.)…”

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression of lung tissue in COVID-19 patient severity through core biopsy post mortem

“…Diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR-Cov-2) based on positive and chest X-rays' real-time polymerase chain reaction [ [5] , [6] , [7] ]. Participant inclusion criteria include >18 years old, diagnosed with COVID-19 [ 1 , 9 , 10 ], and died. Participant exclusion criteria included core biopsy subjects with a malignancy history that could not be analyzed.…”

“…Most cases occurred in the age range of 45–54 years and the least occurred at 0–5 years. The highest mortality rate was found in patients aged 55–64 years [ 1 ].…”