Association of serum chloride level with mortality and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease: the CKD-ROUTE study

Abstract

Low Cl was associated with increased mortality and risk of CV events in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Cl may be an additional prognostic indicator in CKD.

Possible association between dysnatremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients undergoing acute hemodialysis: analysis from a Peruvian retrospective cohort

“…These include changes of urine dilution and concentration in response to antidiuretic hormone, and alteration of water and Na and CI reabsorption and excretion 13,14 . Previous studies have reported that dysnatremias and hypochloremia are associated factors for mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with or without dialysis [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] . Thus, dyschloremias and dysnatremias have been proposed as potential useful factors for mortality prediction in this population [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] .…”

NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit-2 237 Leu/Met Polymorphism Influences the Association of Coffee Consumption with Serum Chloride Levels in Male Japanese Health Checkup Examinees: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Analysis

“…Although somewhat limited by the small sample size, the results of the present study suggest that ND2-237 Leu/Met polymorphism and coffee consumption exert a joint association with serum chloride levels in middle-age male Japanese health checkup examinees; namely, serum chloride levels were positively associated with the amount of daily coffee consumption in men with the ND2-237Leu genotype. Moreover, the risk of low levels of serum chloride, which has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of CVD and mortality [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], was significantly lower in men with the ND2-237Leu genotype who consumed ≥4 compared with <1 cup of coffee per day. However, coffee consumption did not appear to affect serum chloride levels in men with the ND2-237Met genotype.…”

“…A potential contradiction may exist in relation to these findings. Although low serum chloride levels have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of both all-cause and CVD mortality [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], the results of our previous study showed that serum chloride levels were significantly lower in men who had the ND2-237Met genotype—who have been reported to have a genetic tendency toward longevity [ 13 ] and resistance against life-threatening diseases [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]—compared with those with the ND2-237Leu genotype [ 24 ]. Therefore, the genetic advantage of having the ND2-237Met genotype may surpass the physiological disadvantage of having low serum chloride levels.…”

“…That epidemiological study found that the risk ratio for CVD mortality associated with low serum chloride levels was equivalent to or higher than that observed for well-known risk factors of CVD, including hypertension, diabetes, and habitual smoking [ 8 ]. Furthermore, low levels of serum chloride have been reported to be associated with increased mortality and risk of CVD in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease [ 9 ], and serum chloride levels have been shown to be negatively associated with mortality in patients with a history of heart failure [ 10 , 11 ]. By contrast, in a large-scale follow-up study involving hypertensive adults, a 1 mEq/L increase in serum chloride levels was found to reduce all-cause mortality by 1.5% after adjusting for confounding factors [ 12 ].…”

Prevalences of hyperuricemia and electrolyte abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease in Japan: A nationwide, cross-sectional cohort study using data from the Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database (J-CKD-DB)

“…The prevalences of hyperuricemia and electrolyte abnormalities in patients with CKD have been reported in clinical and epidemiological studies [8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Recently, analyses of realworld conditions of patients with CKD were performed based on electronic health records [12,[19][20][21][22]; these studies included analyses of electrolyte abnormality prevalences among patients with CKD [12].…”