Association of Serum Calcium and Insulin Resistance With Hypertension Risk: A Prospective Population‐Based Study

Abstract

Background The temporal sequence between serum calcium and insulin resistance (IR) and their effects on hypertension are unclear. We studied the association between serum calcium and IR, with risk of hypertension events in a longitudinal cohort conducted in China. Methods and Results Data from 8653 subjects aged 20 to 74 years with an average follow‐up of 5.3 years were analyzed. Serum calcium, and fasting and 2‐hour serum glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and follow‐up. Cross‐lagged panel and mediation analysis were used to examine the temporal relationship between serum calcium and IR and its impact on hypertension incidence. The conjoint effects of serum calcium and IR at baseline on hypertension at follow‐up were observed ( P =0.029 for HOMA_IR [hepatic IR] and P =0.009 for Gutt index [peripheral IR]). The cross‐lagged path coefficient (β 2 ) from baseline serum calcium to follow‐up peripheral IR were significantly greater than path coefficient (β 1 ) from baseline peripheral insulin resistance to follow‐up serum calcium (β 2 =−0.354 versus β 1 =−0.005; P =0.027). However, no directional relationships were observed in the serum calcium↔hepatic IR analysis. The mediation effect of peripheral IR on the association of serum calcium at baseline with hypertension at follow‐up was estimated at 16.4% ( P <0.001). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that higher serum calcium levels probably precede peripheral IR, and this 1‐directional relation plays a role in the development of hypertension.

Relação entre o Tecido Adiposo Epicárdico e Resistência à Insulina em Crianças Obesa

“…The relationship between arterial blood pressure and IR has been shown in many studies 42,43 In our study, we found that systolic blood pressure is an independent predictor of IR. This may be due to increased fat tissue in the body that plays an important role in IR and subclinical inflammation caused by inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1 and TFN-alpha secreted from this adipose tissue.…”

L-Carnitine’s Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…The benefits of L-carnitine supplementation in terms of BP levels are in part due to improved insulin sensitivity and glucose control [23]. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are risk factors for increased BP [24,25]. According to the "energy starvation" hypothesis, carnitine can improve cardiomyocytes' energy metabolism, thereby improving the mechanical efficiency and function of cardiac fibroblasts and regulating BP [26,27].…”

Calcium Signaling in ß-cell Physiology and Pathology: A Revisit

“…Therefore, an association with the development and progression of diabetes is obvious. Furthermore, deregulated Ca 2+ signaling has been associated with the development of one of the key characteristics of T2DM i.e., insulin resistance [141][142][143]. Deregulated Ca 2+ homeostasis has been implicated in a vast range of disease conditions.…”