Association of sequence variants in<i>CKM</i>(creatine kinase, muscle) and<i>COX4I2</i>(cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 4, isoform 2) genes with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses

Gu, Jingjing; MacHugh, David E.; McGivney, Beatrice A.; Park, S. D. E.; Katz, Lisa; Hill, E. W.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00181.x

Cited by 58 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, we found that CGG10023 carried the alternative allele at ACN9 homologue (S. cerevisiae; ACN9), CKM, and COX4/1, all of which are associated with increased winning performance in modern race horses (37,38). For ACN9, the alternative allele was also observed in CGG10022.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Schubert

Jónsson

Chang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

263

274

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The domestication of the horse ∼5.5 kya and the emergence of mounted riding, chariotry, and cavalry dramatically transformed human civilization. However, the genetics underlying horse domestication are difficult to reconstruct, given the near extinction of wild horses. We therefore sequenced two ancient horse genomes from Taymyr, Russia (at 7.4-and 24.3-fold coverage), both predating the earliest archeological evidence of domestication. We compared these genomes with genomes of domesticated horses and the wild Przewalski's horse and found genetic structure within Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene, with the ancient population contributing significantly to the genetic variation of domesticated breeds. We furthermore identified a conservative set of 125 potential domestication targets using four complementary scans for genes that have undergone positive selection. One group of genes is involved in muscular and limb development, articular junctions, and the cardiac system, and may represent physiological adaptations to human utilization. A second group consists of genes with cognitive functions, including social behavior, learning capabilities, fear response, and agreeableness, which may have been key for taming horses. We also found that domestication is associated with inbreeding and an excess of deleterious mutations. This genetic load is in line with the "cost of domestication" hypothesis also reported for rice, tomatoes, and dogs, and it is generally attributed to the relaxation of purifying selection resulting from the strong demographic bottlenecks accompanying domestication. Our work demonstrates the power of ancient genomes to reconstruct the complex genetic changes that transformed wild animals into their domesticated forms, and the population context in which this process took place.ancient DNA | horse domestication | Przewalski's horse | positive selection | cost of domestication T he domestication of the horse had a far-reaching impact on the sociopolitical and economic trajectories of human societies (1). It not only provided meat and milk (2) but also enabled the development of continent-sized nomadic empires, by transforming warfare and allowing for the rapid spread of goods and information over long distances. However, despite the characterization of the genome of modern horses (3), an understanding of the genetic processes underlying horse domestication is still lacking. In other organisms, such an understanding is usually achieved by comparing the genomes of domesticated species and their wild relatives (4-6), but this approach is not directly applicable to horses. Recent genome-wide analyses have shown that Przewalski's horse, the last truly wild horse population remaining today, is not the direct ancestor of domesticated SignificanceThe domestication of the horse revolutionized warfare, trade, and the exchange of people and ideas. This at least 5,500-ylong process, which ultimately transformed wild horses into the hundreds of breeds living today, is difficult to reconstruct from archeological data...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Schubert

Jónsson

Chang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

263

274

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Indeed, selection and breeding of racehorses is predicated on the belief that racing performance is inherited. Although the physiological adaptations to elite athleticism and exercise are well described for the Thoroughbred [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , few genes have been identified to explain these traits [14][15][16] . In humans more than 200 genes have been reported to be associated with fitness-related health and exercise traits 17 , and it is likely that racing performance in the Thoroughbred is also polygenic and is influenced by genes that contribute to the wide range of anatomical, metabolic and physiological adaptations that enable elite-racing performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse

Bower

McGivney²,

Campana

et al. 2012

Nat Commun

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“…Finally, it is believed that COX4I2 and PDK4 genes associated with Thoroughbred racing performance [9,10], were not detected in the sample of animals studied here possibly because they are related to muscle energy aerobic metabolism, which is typical in Thoroughbred long distance racing. On the other hand, the Quarter Horses racing are of short distance and the muscle energy metabolism is predominantly anaerobic.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Binns et al [6], the identification of SNPs linked to the myostatin loci, which were associated with athletic ability in Thoroughbred represent the first gene found to influence athletic ability in horses. Gu et al [9] suggested that sequence variation in two other genes, COX4I2 and…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed Index in the Racing Quarter Horse: A Genome-wide Association Study

Meira¹,

Fortes²,

Farah³

et al. 2014

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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The racing line of Quarter Horses is characterized by great sprinting speed over short distances on straight tracks. To perform selection on racing horses, the speed index (SI) and conformation traits are often used. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 112 racing Quarter Horses was performed for the SI trait and markers and genes associated were reported. The GWAS was carried out using the Qxpak.5 software and the genotyping data obtained from the Equine SNP50 BeadChip. A total of eight significant SNPs (P < .0001; Qvalue of 0.25) distributed on ECA 2, 4, 10, 18 and 27 were found and served as markers for genomic regions mined for candidate genes associated with SI. For candidate gene annotation was considered 100Kb windows upstream and downstream to each important SNP. The highlighted genes were GRM8, GRIK2, NEB, ANK1 and KAT6A, since their function could be related to racing performance. Future studies should consider a validation study with an independent population and sequencing of these candidate genes should be done to identify causal alleles.

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Association of sequence variants inCKM(creatine kinase, muscle) andCOX4I2(cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 4, isoform 2) genes with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses

Cited by 58 publications

References 40 publications

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse

Speed Index in the Racing Quarter Horse: A Genome-wide Association Study

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