Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins on Oral Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background. Saliva, as a complex biofluid, plays a pivotal role in maintaining oral health and tooth integrity. There has been inconsistent data available on the relationship between salivary parameters and oral health. This study aims to investigate the association between salivary statherin, acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRP), and calcium with oral hygiene status. Methods. One hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects aged between 18 and 50 years with varying oral hygiene status who gave consent to participate were included in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were recruited from primary oral health care of MAHSA University. Oral hygiene of all the participants was measured using Oral Hygiene Index–Simplified (OHI-S). Stimulated saliva collected using paraffin wax was analyzed for salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium. The relationship between salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium levels with OHI-S was assessed using Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient; the strength of relationship was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results. The study found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.179, p = 0.014) between salivary statherin and OHI-S; weak negative correlation (r = −0.187, p = 0.010) between salivary aPRP and OHI-S; and moderate negative correlation between salivary statherin and salivary aPRP levels (r = −0.50, p < 0.001) which were statistically significant. Conclusion. Poor oral hygiene is associated with increased statherin and reduced aPRP levels in saliva. Thus, these salivary components may have a role in predicting oral hygiene status.

Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Detection of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review

“…Four included studies were conducted in India [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], three studies in Poland [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], two in Brazil [ 22 , 23 ] and one multinational [ 24 ]. Each of the remaining seven studies were performed in China [ 25 ], Kosovo [ 26 ], Chile [ 27 ], Romania [ 28 ], Colombia [ 29 ], Egypt [ 30 ], Malaysia [ 31 ] and Iraq [ 32 ]. All the included studies were conducted within the last 12 years, but the majority were conducted between 2015 and 2021.…”

“…The articles also presented a significant collective sample size. A total of 1454 participants, of both adults and children of both genders, were recruited in the 18 included studies, with the least sample size reported for a single study being 24 participants [ 29 ] and the largest being 188 participants [ 31 ]. Nevertheless, of the full sample size, 936 were minors aged between 2 years and 18 years which was reported in 11 of the included sources.…”

“…In two included studies, contradictory results were also observed for the zinc marker [ 17 , 26 ]. However, for proteinase 3 (PR3) [ 25 ], statherin [ 29 , 31 ] and LL-37 [ 15 ], a significant negative correlation between the molecules and dental caries was evident since high concentration levels were witnessed in caries-free or low caries risk participants, implying that they significantly reduced caries incidences in the caries-free groups.…”

“…With regard to the saliva types sampled from the study population, nine included records evaluated unstimulated saliva [ 16 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], two studies evaluated the stimulated saliva [ 31 , 32 ], three studies evaluated whole saliva [ 15 , 22 , 23 ] and the remaining four studies assessed both whole unstimulated and stimulated saliva [ 17 , 24 , 26 , 30 ]. The saliva samples were collected mainly in the morning and afternoon hours (between 8.00 a.m. and 1.00 p.m.) for 12 studies; however, six included studies failed to state the time ranges of saliva sample collection from the participants [ 18 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 30 , 32 ].…”

Daily Exposure to a Cranberry Polyphenol Oral Rinse Alters the Oral Microbiome but Not Taste Perception in PROP Taster Status Classified Individuals

“…Salivary proteins play an essential role in maintaining a healthy oral environment. Notably, salivary proteins such as basic proline-rich proteins (bPRPs), acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs), histatins, cystatins, mucins, statherins, and amylase exhibit antimicrobial and/or antiviral properties and maintain oral lubricity and mineral composition of dental surfaces that collectively form a key cornerstone of oral immunity [ 3 ]. Many of these proteins directly or indirectly inhibit bacterial growth via disruption of their enzymes or manipulate bacterial adhesion mechanisms, therefore, affecting biofilm formation [ 4 , 5 ].…”