Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis

Alexander, Gene E.; Furey, Maura L.; Grady, Cheryl L.; Pietrini, Pietro; Brady, Daniel R.; Mentis, Marc J.; Schapiro, Mark B.

doi:10.1176/ajp.154.2.165

Cited by 286 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The rationale for the CR model is that individuals with a richer environment in terms of cognitive activities/demands through the lifespan accumulate strategies that help them to overcome more easily the challenges of everyday life. CR has been postulated as the reason why higher levels of intelligence [Alexander et al, 1997], education [Stern et al, 1992], and occupational status [Richards and Sacker, 2003], make individuals more capable of sustaining greater brain damage without clinical manifestations. Two distinct mechanisms were proposed to explain the underlying features of CR: neural reserve and neural compensation [Stern et al, 2005].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The functional connectome of cognitive reserve

Marques

Moreira

Magalhães

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

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Cognitive Reserve (CR) designates the brain's capacity to actively cope with insults through a more efficient use of its resources/networks. It was proposed in order to explain the discrepancies between the observed cognitive ability and the expected capacity for an individual. Typical proxies of CR include education and Intelligence Quotient but none totally account for the variability of CR and no study has shown if the brain's greater efficiency associated with CR can be measured. We used a validated model to estimate CR from the residual variance in memory and general executive functioning, accounting for both brain anatomical (i.e., gray matter and white matter signal abnormalities volume) and demographic variables (i.e., years of formal education and sex). Functional connectivity (FC) networks and topological properties were explored for associations with CR. Demographic characteristics, mainly accounted by years of formal education, were associated with higher FC, clustering, local efficiency and strength in parietal and occipital regions and greater network transitivity. Higher CR was associated with a greater FC, local efficiency and clustering of occipital regions, strength and centrality of the inferior temporal gyrus and higher global efficiency. Altogether, these findings suggest that education may facilitate the brain's ability to form segregated functional groups, reinforcing the view that higher education level triggers more specialized use of neural processing. Additionally, this study demonstrated for the first time that CR is associated with more efficient processing of information in the human brain and reinforces the existence of a fine balance between segregation and integration. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3310–3322, 2016.. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The functional connectome of cognitive reserve

Marques

Moreira

Magalhães

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Previous studies have used an IQ estimate as proxy for CR (Alexander et al, 1997;Farinpour et al, 2003;Galioto, Alosco, Spitznagel, Stanek, & Gunstad, 2013), however often a combination with education level, occupational attainment, and engagement in cognitively stimulating leisure activities is used (Opdebeeck, Martyr, & Clare, 2016). As such, also in our study a higher IQ estimate may be indicative of higher levels of CR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Intelligence moderates the benefits of strategy instructions on memory performance: an adult-lifespan examination

Frankenmolen

Altgassen

Kessels

et al. 2016

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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Whether older adults can compensate for their associative memory deficit by using memory strategies efficiently might depend on their general cognitive abilities. This study examined the moderating role of an IQ estimate on the beneficial effects of strategy instructions. A total of 142 participants (aged 18-85 years) received either intentional learning or strategy ("sentence generation") instructions during encoding of word pairs. Whereas young adults with a lower IQ benefited from strategy instructions, those with a higher IQ did not, presumably because they already use strategies spontaneously. Older adults showed the opposite effect: following strategy instructions, older adults with a higher IQ showed a strong increase in memory performance (approximately achieving the level of younger adults), whereas older adults with a lower IQ did not, suggesting that they have difficulties implementing the provided strategies. These results highlight the importance of the role of IQ in compensating for the aging-related memory decline. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…As discussed in previous reports on cognitive reserve and based on resting-state neuroimaging studies, patients with a higher education can tolerate more AD pathology [13,57,58,59]. Following lesion studies, executive dysfunctions and especially a poor performance on the TMT has been related to damage in the dorsolateral frontal areas [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive Deficits and Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Andrejeva

Knebel²,

Santos³

et al. 2016

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background/Aims: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a frequent syndrome in the older population, which involves an increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). The latter can be modified by the cognitive reserve, which can be operationalized by the length of school education. MCI can be differentiated into four subtypes according to the cognitive domains involved: amnestic MCI, multiple-domain amnestic MCI, non-amnestic MCI and multiple-domain non-amnestic MCI. While neurocognitive deficits are a constituent of the diagnosis of these subtypes, the question of how they refer to the cognitive reserve still needs to be clarified. Methods: We examined neuropsychological deficits in healthy controls, patients with MCI and patients with mild AD (n = 485) derived from a memory clinic. To reduce the number of neuropsychological variables, a factor analysis with varimax rotation was calculated. In a second step, diagnostic groups including MCI subtypes were compared with respect to their clinical and neuropsychological characteristics including cognitive reserve. Results: Most MCI patients showed the amnestic multiple-domain subtype followed by the pure amnestic subtype, while the non-amnestic subtypes were rare. The amnestic subtype displayed a significantly higher level of cognitive reserve and higher MMSE scores than the amnestic multiple-domain subtype, which was in most cases characterized by additional psychomotor and executive deficits. Conclusions: These findings confirm earlier reports revealing that the amnestic multiple-domain subtype is the most frequent one and indicating that a high cognitive reserve may primarily prevent psychomotor and executive deficits in MCI.

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Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis

Cited by 286 publications

References 41 publications

The functional connectome of cognitive reserve

The functional connectome of cognitive reserve

Intelligence moderates the benefits of strategy instructions on memory performance: an adult-lifespan examination

Neurocognitive Deficits and Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment

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