Association of Physical Activity, Fitness, and Race

Ceaser, Tyrone G.; Fitzhugh, Eugene C.; Thompson, Dixie L.; Bassett, David R.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318271689e

Cited by 47 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Population-based studies have documented racial differences in aerobic capacity among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White subjects [5][6][7]32]. The largest assessment of aerobic capacity (conducted annually since 1999) is derived from the NHANES, which utilizes a submaximal treadmill exercise test to assess aerobic capacity in healthy adults aged 20-49 years.…”

Section: Evidence Of Racial Differences In Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black and White Race Differences in Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Fiber Type, and Their Influence on Metabolic Processes

Ceaser

Hunter

2015

Sports Med

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Obesity is a known risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Increasing aerobic capacity (VO2max) reduces adiposity, maintains weight, and reduces the risk of developing obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Two major determinants of aerobic capacity are the metabolic properties specific to a particular muscle fiber type and the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver nutrient-rich content to the muscle. Recent research suggests that some race/ethnic groups, particularly non-Hispanic Black subjects, are predisposed to a reduced VO2max by way of muscle fiber type. Combined with insufficient physical activity, these characteristics place non-Hispanic Black subjects at an increased risk for obesity and other adverse health outcomes when compared with other race/ethnic groups. The purpose of this review was to suggest a model for explaining how skeletal muscle fiber type may contribute to reduced aerobic capacity and obesity among non-Hispanic Black subjects. Our review indicates that metabolic properties of type II skeletal muscle (e.g. reduced oxidative capacity, capillary density) are related to various cardiometabolic diseases. Based on the review, non-Hispanic Black subjects appear to have a lower maximal aerobic capacity and a greater percentage of type II skeletal muscle fibers. Combined with reduced energy expenditure and reduced hemoglobin concentration, non-Hispanic Black subjects may be inherently predisposed to a reduced maximal aerobic capacity compared with non-Hispanic White subjects, thereby increasing the risk for obesity and related metabolic diseases.

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Section: Evidence Of Racial Differences In Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black and White Race Differences in Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Fiber Type, and Their Influence on Metabolic Processes

Ceaser

Hunter

2015

Sports Med

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“…[37][38][39][40] At baseline, participants with SCT in the CARDIA study had a slightly, but significantly, higher diastolic blood pressure compared with those without SCT. However, the absolute difference was small, and the baseline prevalence of hypertension was not higher among participants with SCT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…7 Data from largescale observational studies, including the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics studies, have demonstrated lower fitness, measured directly by maximal tests or estimated from submaximal tests, in African American individuals when compared with their Caucasian counterparts. 36,37 However, it is more likely that lower levels of physical activity and higher BMI, which may affect muscle oxidative potential, contribute to disparities in fitness between African Americans and Caucasians. [37][38][39][40] At baseline, participants with SCT in the CARDIA study had a slightly, but significantly, higher diastolic blood pressure compared with those without SCT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…36,37 However, it is more likely that lower levels of physical activity and higher BMI, which may affect muscle oxidative potential, contribute to disparities in fitness between African Americans and Caucasians. [37][38][39][40] At baseline, participants with SCT in the CARDIA study had a slightly, but significantly, higher diastolic blood pressure compared with those without SCT. However, the absolute difference was small, and the baseline prevalence of hypertension was not higher among participants with SCT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association among sickle cell trait, fitness, and cardiovascular risk factors in CARDIA

Liem

Chan

et al. 2017

Blood

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Key Points• SCT status is not significantly associated with longitudinal changes in fitness among African Americans.• SCT status is not an independent risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome among African Americans.The contribution of sickle cell trait (SCT) to racial disparities in cardiopulmonary fitness is not known, despite concerns that SCT is associated with exertion-related sudden death. We evaluated the association of SCT status with cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in fitness and risk for hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome over the course of 25 years among 1995 African Americans (56% women, 18-30 years old) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Overall, the prevalence of SCT was 6.8% (136/1995) in CARDIA, and over the course of 25 years, 46% (738/1590), 18% (288/1631), and 40% (645/1,611) of all participants developed hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Compared with participants without SCT, participants with SCT had similar baseline measures of fitness in cross-section, including exercise duration (535 vs 540 seconds; P 5 .62), estimated metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs; 11.6 vs 11.7; P 5 .80), maximum heart rate (174 vs 175 beats/min; P 5 .41), and heart rate at 2 minutes recovery (44 vs 43 beats/min; P 5 .28). In our secondary analysis, there was neither an association of SCT status with longitudinal changes in fitness nor an association with development of hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome after adjustment for sex, baseline age, body mass index, fitness, and physical activity. SCT is not associated with reduced fitness in this longitudinal study of young African American adults, suggesting the increased risk for exertion-related sudden death in SCT carriers is unlikely related to fitness. SCT status also is not an independent risk factor for developing hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. (Blood. 2017;129(6):723-728) IntroductionSickle cell trait (SCT) is caused by the inheritance of a single copy of the variant b globin gene, which results in production of abnormal sickle hemoglobin. The coinheritance of 2 copies of the abnormal gene results in sickle cell anemia (SCA), a clinically significant blood disorder seen primarily among individuals of African or Afro-Caribbean descent. Historically, SCT, which is observed in 8% of the African American population in the United States, has been considered a clinically benign condition. Recent studies, however, suggest SCT may confer a higher risk for chronic kidney disease, thrombosis, stroke, and pregnancy-related complications in its carriers.1-6 Importantly, there is growing concern SCT may be associated with sudden death during strenuous physical activity and exercise, leading to the National College Athletics Association to mandate carrier status testing among all student athletes in division I institutions in 2010, and later in all division II and III institutions. [7][8][9] Growing evidence suggests SCT carriers may exh...

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“…Subjects identified as Caucasian/White, and only one identified as Hispanic/Latino; race of subjects was a known delimitation among our convenience sample. Research suggests that race may substantially influence VO 2max (Ceaser, Fitzhugh, Thompson, & Bassett, 2013 Findings may be limited by the periodical timing of the study. This intervention was implemented during the subjects' offseason and into the beginning weeks of preseason.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a controlled frequency breath holding training program on running economy among elite college swimmers.

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Association of Physical Activity, Fitness, and Race

Cited by 47 publications

References 29 publications

Black and White Race Differences in Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Fiber Type, and Their Influence on Metabolic Processes

Black and White Race Differences in Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Fiber Type, and Their Influence on Metabolic Processes

Association among sickle cell trait, fitness, and cardiovascular risk factors in CARDIA

The effect of a controlled frequency breath holding training program on running economy among elite college swimmers.

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