Association of periodontitis and oral microbiomes with Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative systematic review

Mao, Samantha; Huang, Chen-Pang; Lan, Hsin; Lau, Hing-Ger; Chiang, Chun‐Pin; Chen, Yiwen

doi:10.1016/j.jds.2022.07.001

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…( 2002 ) observed higher levels of Treponema species in AD patients. These findings suggest that periodontal pathogens may enter the brain tissue from the oral cavity, triggering inflammation and ultimately leading to brain tissue damage (Mao et al., 2022 ). However, it is important to note that the detection of bacteria in the brain tissue, performed years after the patient's death, may result in bacterial contamination, and such contamination typically does not occur in the brain tissue of living AD patients (Emery et al., 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal disease and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization

Hu,

Li,

Huang

et al. 2024

Brain and Behavior

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BackgroundEvidence from observational studies and clinical trials suggests an association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD remains to be determined.MethodsWe obtained periodontal disease data from the FinnGen database and two sets of AD data from the IEU consortium and PGC databases. Subsequently, we conducted a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD.ResultsThe results of the random‐effects IVW analysis revealed no evidence of a genetic causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD, regardless of whether the AD data from the IEU consortium or the AD data from the PGC database were utilized. No heterogeneity, multiple effects of levels, or outliers were observed in this study.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that there is no causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD at the genetic level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal disease and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization

Hu,

Li,

Huang

et al. 2024

Brain and Behavior

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“…Also, studies have revealed the correlation between gingipain load and tau load / and gingipain and ubiquitin load in non-demented control samples which suggested a continuum of gingipain and AD pathology in non-demented control samples at the primary stage of preclinical AD without clinical symptoms. Therefore, brain RgpB and Kgp antigens have a positive correlation with tau load, ubiquitin load, and AD diagnosis (Mao et al, 2022). In addition, RgpB immunostaining of MTG showed no significant differences in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease samples compared with the control group (Spudich et al, 2005).…”

Section: Brain Gingipain Load In Middle Temporal Gyrus (Mtg)mentioning

confidence: 90%

Porphyromonas gingivalis, neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease

Owoyele¹,

Malekzadeh²

2022

NJPS

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The oral microbiota dysbiosis, as well as lifestyle, geographical location, drug consumption, and dietary habits, are involved in the incidence and progression of dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and some diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preterm birth, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, inﬂammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative disease e.g., Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). AD is the most common cause of neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. Also, neuroinﬂammation is the most common cause of AD pathogenesis. This study investigated the possible relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Alzheimer’s Disease. This review is based on research studies indexed in Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The oral microbiota comprised various microorganisms, such as fungi, archaea, and bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the microorganisms, it stimulates host immune cells and releases cytokines, lysosomal enzymes, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species that lead to cell damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. Therefore, periodontal disease (PerioD) through systemic inflammation leads to some problems like the progression of MCI, production and aggregation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein in the brain of the elderly population. In addition, some treatment methods could modulate the adverse effects of P. gingivalis like probiotic dietary supplements, maintaining personal hygiene, as well as gingipain inhibitors which modulate cytokines through blocked Aβ production, ApoE proteolysis, and reduced neuroinflammation. In addition, therapeutic compounds like COR388 and COR286, as gingipain inhibitors, prevent P. gingivalis colonization in the brain and have a beneficial action in some conditions like aspiration pneumonia, low birth rate, rheumatoid arthritis, PerioD and AD.

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“…Hu et al found an increase in Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in AD patients (adjusted p = 0.02), and its incidence was linked to Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) and P. gingivalis (adjusted HR = 1.22 (1.04-1.43), p = 0.012) in addition to Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) (crude HR = 2.0 (1.1-3.8) [27]. Post mortem studies included in the review of Mao et al demonstrated that the classical periodontal pathogens, i.e., P. gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia (T. forsythia) and Treponema denticola (T. denticola) known as the Socransky's "red complex" were found significantly more often in brain tissue of patients with AD [28,29]. The "red complex" bacteria are associated with severe form of periodontitis, and usually found together in periodontal pockets [30].…”

Section: Alzheimer's Disease (Ad)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P. gingivalis, being the "key stone pathogen" in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis, is currently the most extensively studied bacteria in neuroinflammation. Animal studies routinely demonstrate its migration from the oral cavity to the CNS, and post-mortem human studies in AD confirm regularly its presence intracerebrally [20,28]. P. gingivalis receives this special attention due to its unique ability to escape from the immune system, its invasive properties, proteolytic nature and aggressive virulence factors, such as LPS and gingipains.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis and Its Role In Neuroinflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontitis: A Plausible Modifiable Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Comprehensive Review

Plachokova,

Gjaltema,

Hagens

et al. 2024

IJMS

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The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize recent literature on associations between periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases, explore the bidirectionality and provide insights into the plausible pathogenesis. For this purpose, systematic reviews and meta-analyses from PubMed, Medline and EMBASE were considered. Out of 33 retrieved papers, 6 articles complying with the inclusion criteria were selected and discussed. Additional relevant papers for bidirectionality and pathogenesis were included. Results show an association between periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease, with odds ratios of 3 to 5. A bidirectional relationship is suspected. For Parkinson’s disease (PD), current evidence for an association appears to be weak, although poor oral health and PD seem to be correlated. A huge knowledge gap was identified. The plausible mechanistic link for the association between periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases is the interplay between periodontal inflammation and neuroinflammation. Three pathways are hypothesized in the literature, i.e., humoral, neuronal and cellular, with a clear role of periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol intake, nutrition, physical activity, socioeconomic status, stress, medical comorbidities and genetics were identified as common risk factors for periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases. Future research with main emphasis on the collaboration between neurologists and dentists is encouraged.

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Association of periodontitis and oral microbiomes with Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative systematic review

Cited by 17 publications

References 72 publications

Periodontal disease and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization

Periodontal disease and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization

Porphyromonas gingivalis, neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease

Periodontitis: A Plausible Modifiable Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Comprehensive Review

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