Association of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms: A Multi-National Study of 43 Countries

Riehm, Kira E.; Goicoechea, Elena Badillo; Wang, Frances; Kim, Esther; Aldridge, Luke R.; Lupton‐Smith, Carly; Presskreischer, Rachel; Chang, Ting-Hsuan; LaRocca, Sarah; Kreuter, Frauke; Stuart, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604430

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A growing body of evidence has, however, shown that these restrictive measures have adversely affected people’s mental health and well-being. For instance, in several studies more stringent NPIs have been associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms ( 3 ), a decrease in mental well-being ( 4 , 5 ) as well as to an increase in psychological distress ( 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2023

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IntroductionThis systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown.MethodsThe protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021256378) and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. The major databases and gray literature were systematically searched from inception to 28/05/2021 to identify observational studies evaluating sleep changes in the general population during the lockdown with respect to the pre-lockdown period. A random effects meta-analysis was undertaken for studies reporting (a) the means of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global scores or the means of the sleep onset latency (SOL) times (minutes - min) before and during the lockdown, (b) the percentages of poor sleep quality before and during the lockdown, or (c) the percentages of changes in sleep quality. Subgroup analysis by risk of bias and measurement tool utilized was carried out. A narrative synthesis on sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, insomnia and sleep medication consumption was also performed.ResultsSixty-three studies were included. A decline in sleep quality, reflected in a pooled increase in the PSQI global scores (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.26; 95% CI 0.17–0.34) and in SOL (SMD = 0.38 min; 95% CI 0.30–0.45) were found. The percentage of individuals with poor sleep quality increased during the lockdown (pooled relative risk 1.4; 95% CI 1.24–1.61). Moreover, 57.3% (95% CI 50.01–61.55) of the individuals reported a change in sleep quality; in 37.3% (95% CI 34.27–40.39) of these, it was a worsening. The studies included in the systematic review reported a decrease in sleep efficiency and an increase in sleep disturbances, insomnia, and in sleep medication consumption.DiscussionTimely interventions are warranted in view of the decline in sleep quality and the increase in sleep disturbances uncovered and their potentially negative impact on health. Further research and in particular longitudinal studies using validated instruments examining the long-term impact of the lockdown on sleep variables is needed.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021256378, identifier CRD42021256378.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2023

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“…This result showed that people’s perception of daily life disturbed by COVID-19 had the strongest and broadest associations with other items in all categories. It should be noted that previous studies also concluded that the disruption of people’s daily life and work, which was induced by mobility restrictions of COVID-19 control measures, may give rise to anxiety and depression [ 53 ].…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DA.3 may be because the decreased human mobility (DA.5, DA.6, and DA.7), especially working from home, dissolved the boundaries between weekdays and weekends as well as days and nights. As a result, people’s work was interspersed between relaxations (e.g., watching television) and frequent naps, which influenced people’s regular bedtime [ 53 , 54 ]. We also discovered a positive association between changes in bedtime (DA.3) and smartphone use (DA.4).…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interplay among individuals’ distress, daily activities, and perceptions of COVID-19 and neighborhood cohesion: A study using network analysis

Yang,

Huang,

Kwan

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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The reduction of social interactions through non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) has been shown to effectively curb COVID-19 transmission. However, these control measures were often accompanied by changes in people’s daily routines and constraints on their activity space, which could lead to mental distress (i.e., anxiety and depression). This study examined the interplay among individuals’ anxiety, depression, daily activities, and perceptions of COVID-19 and neighborhood cohesion. Taking Hong Kong as an example, an online survey (N = 376) was conducted to collect data from participants between March 14 to May 11, 2022. The data include respondents’ self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms, daily activities (e.g., smartphone use), perceptions of COVID-19 (e.g., the possibility of infecting COVID-19), and perceptions of neighborhood cohesion. Using network analysis, we found that excessive smartphone use, life disturbance by COVID-19, and a community with people getting along well with each other were significant factors associated with participants’ anxiety and depression. Using critical path analysis, we observed that NPIs reduced human mobility, led to delayed bedtime, and increased smartphone use, which were associated with participants’ mental distress. We also found that NPIs and COVID-19 were associated with people’s perceptions of infection and the severity of COVID-19 and human mobility flexibility, which may further lead to mental distress. Our results also demonstrated that people with high education levels were vulnerable. These results provided important insights for designing appropriate interventions without generating deleterious impacts on people’s mental health in the future.

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“…Finally, the last section includes questions about the respondent’s occupation. This survey has been used to develop previous studies [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ] and the survey methodology has been described in more detail elsewhere [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Not Receiving a Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Peru

et al. 2022

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To determine the factors associated with not receiving the booster dose for COVID-19 in Peru, a cross-sectional study by secondary analysis of a University of Maryland and Facebook survey database assessing the global impact of COVID-19 was conducted. Data of Peruvian users of this social network over 18 years of age who answered the survey between 13 February 2022 and 14 April 2022 were analyzed. We evaluated the association between sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and history of COVID-19 with having received a booster dose for COVID-19. Crude (cPR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A sample of 20,814 adults, 21.5% of whom reported not receiving the booster dose, was analyzed. People under 75 years of age had a higher prevalence of not having received the booster dose. Likewise, having a university education (aPR = 1.03; 95%CI: 1.02–1.05), secondary, or pre-university education (aPR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.05–1.09), or having a primary level or less (aPR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.05–1.18), were associated with a higher prevalence of not receiving the booster, compared to individuals with a postgraduate education. Being employed (aPR = 1.01; 95%CI: 1.00–1.02), having had COVID-19 (aPR = 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01–1.04) and living in a town (aPR = 1.05; 95%CI: 1.02–1.07) or in a rural area (aPR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.03–1.10), compared to living in the city, had a similar association. On the contrary, the female gender was associated with a lower prevalence of not receiving the booster (aPR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96–0.99). Sociodemographic characteristics and a history of having had COVID-19 were associated with the probability of not having received the booster dose for COVID-19 in the Peruvian population.

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Association of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms: A Multi-National Study of 43 Countries

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The interplay among individuals’ distress, daily activities, and perceptions of COVID-19 and neighborhood cohesion: A study using network analysis

Factors Associated with Not Receiving a Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Peru

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