Association of Necrotizing Wounds Colonized by Maggots with<i>Ignatzschineria</i>–Associated Septicemia

BackgroundGut bacteria are closely associated with host. Chrysomya megacephala, as a vector and resource insect, can transmit various pathogenic bacteria and consume manure to produce biofertilizer and larva biomass. However, the gut bacteria composition and abundance of C. megacephala remain unclear.ResultsIllumina MiSeq platform was used to compare composition of gut bacterial community in eggs, 1-day-old larvae, 5-day-old larvae, pupae, adult females and males by sequencing with variation in V4 region of 16S ribosomal DNA gene. In total, 928 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. These OTUs were annotated into 19 phyla, 42 classes, 77 orders, 153 families and 289 genera. More than 0.5% abundance of 32 OTU core genera were found across all life stages. At class level, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Bacteroidia, Betaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant in C. megacephala. Eight species were identified to have significantly different abundance between 1-d-larvae and 5-day-larvae and took 28.95% of shared species between these two groups. Sex-specific bacterial species were identified that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was merely present in females, while Rhodococcus fascians was merely present in males.ConclusionGut bacteria of C. megacephala varied across life stages. The composition and community structure of the bacterial community differed from young larvae to mature larvae, while that were similar in adult females and males. These data will provide an overall view of bacterial community across life stages in C. megacephala with attention on manure associated and pathogenic bacteria.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1272-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…At genus level, Wohlfahrtiimonas sp. and Ignatzschineria are opportunistic pathogens [ 47 , 48 ], which should also be kept under observation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gut bacteria across life stages in the synanthropic fly Chrysomya megacephala

et al. 2018

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“…An unexpectedly high proportion of organisms were identified from the genus Ignatzschineria and the only genus of the phylum Proteobacteria that was enriched in weaned kits was Wohlfahrtiimonas , which is closely related to Ignatzschineria [ 42 ]. Several species from these genera have been associated with human maggot infestation and associated bacteremia [ 43 , 44 ]. Ignatzschineria was first identified from the gut of an obligate parasitic fly larvae, Wohlfahrtia magnifica [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal bacterial microbiota of Canadian commercial mink (Neovison vison): Yearly, life stage, and seasonal comparisons

et al. 2018

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The gastrointestinal microbiome is known to play a critical role in animal health but has been relatively poorly characterized in commercial mink, an obligate carnivore. Whether the microbiota can be manipulated in mink to improve pelt quality, health, and well-being is unknown. The objectives of this study were to characterize the fecal microbiota of commercial mink, and to evaluate potential changes due to year (2014 vs 2015), life stage (adult female vs weaned kit), season (summer vs winter), and between Canadian farms. Pooled fecal samples were collected from adult females and weaned kits in the summers of 2014 (n = 173) and 2015 (n = 168), and from females in the winter of 2016 (n = 39), a time when females undergo marked calorie restriction, from 49 mink farms in Ontario. Bacterial DNA was extracted and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. Approximately 22 million sequences were identified following quality control filtering. A total of 31 bacterial phyla were identified; however, only 3 comprised >1% of the total sequences identified, with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria together comprising 95% of the total sequences. Comparisons were made by life stage, season and year; no differences were found in the relative abundance of any taxa between samples collected from adult females and weaned kits from the same year and the greatest number of differences at each taxonomic level were noted between 2014 and 2015. Significantly more operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in 2014 than 2015 or 2016 (p<0.05) and samples from 2014 were more even, but less diverse than in 2015 (p = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). There were significant differences in community population and structure by year and season (all p-values <0.001). The predominant phyla and genera at the farm level were similar from year to year. Together, these indicate that mink environment, season, and time are important factors in the stability of gastrointestinal microbiota, once mink reach maturity.

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“…In 2015, a case reported the association of necrotizing wounds colonized by maggots with Ignatzschineria -associated septicemia in a man found unconscious in a forest [ 5 ]. He presented with cardiorespiratory arrest, cyanosis of the extremities, a necrotic skin lesion on the right shoulder, and many maggots around the genital organs.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Ignatzschineria indica Bacteremia following Maggot Colonization

Muse

Jenkins

Oliver

et al. 2017

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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Ignatzschineria indica is a Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly associated with the larvae of flesh flies. I. indica is difficult to isolate in routine laboratory procedures but has been associated with neglected wounds infested with maggots, fever, elevated white blood count and C-reactive protein, and polymicrobial culture results. Other specific hematological/immunological changes are not known. We present a case of I. indica bacteremia and polymicrobial osteomyelitis resulting from infected decubitus ulcers. The patient improved after treatment with cefepime followed by levofloxacin.

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Association of Necrotizing Wounds Colonized by Maggots withIgnatzschineria–Associated Septicemia

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

The gut bacteria across life stages in the synanthropic fly Chrysomya megacephala

The gut bacteria across life stages in the synanthropic fly Chrysomya megacephala

Fecal bacterial microbiota of Canadian commercial mink (Neovison vison): Yearly, life stage, and seasonal comparisons

A Case of Ignatzschineria indica Bacteremia following Maggot Colonization

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