Association of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome with Sarcopenia and Systemic Inflammation in Pre-Frail Older Adults

Abstract

Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) is defined by the presence of slow gait and subjective cognitive decline. It is well recognized as a prodrome for dementia, but the biological mechanism and trajectory for MCR are still lacking. The objective of this study was to explore the association of MCR with body composition, including sarcopenia and systemic inflammation, in pre-frail older adults in a cross-sectional study of 397 pre-frail community-dwelling older adults. Data on demographics, physical function, frailty, cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)), perceived health and depression were collected. Body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers, such as progranulin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the association between MCR, body composition, sarcopenia and systemic inflammatory biomarkers. The prevalence of MCR was 14.9%. They were significantly older and there were more females, depression, functional impairment, lower education, physical activity and MoCA scores. Body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass index, fat to fat free mass ratio (FM/FFM) and sarcopenia prevalence were significantly higher in MCR. Serum GDF-15 and TNF-α levels were highest with progranulin/TNF-α and IL-10/TNF-α ratio lowest in MCR. Compared to healthy patients, MCR was significantly associated with sarcopenia (aOR 2.62; 95% CI 1.46–3.17), BF% (aOR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.12), FMI (aOR 1.16; 95% CI 1.02–1.30) and FM/FFM (aOR 6.38; 95% CI 1.20–33.98). The association of IL-10 to TNF-α ratio (aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99) and IL-10 (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.98) with MCR were independent of sarcopenia and BF%. Longitudinal population studies are needed to understand the role of body fat indices and IL-10 in pre-frail older adults with MCR and trajectory to dementia.

Social frailty and the incidence of motoric cognitive risk syndrome in older adults

“… 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 Additionally, inflammatory markers were reported to be associated with the two components of MCR: slow gait speed 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 and cognitive complaints. 45 Therefore, we speculate that the potential mechanism by which social frailty influences MCR may be partially attributed to inflammation.…”

Predictive role of preoperative sarcopenia for long-term survival in rectal cancer patients: A meta-analysis

“…Moreover, there is an association between muscle loss and systemic inflammation. Inflammation may play a role in the development of tumors and is related to systemic complications associated with malignancies, further influencing patient prognosis [ 39 , 40 ]. Finally, muscle loss is often associated with malnutrition.…”

Association of intrinsic capacity with functional ability, sarcopenia and systemic inflammation in pre-frail older adults

“…TNF-α/IL-10 ratio serves as a surrogate for immune homeostasis which measures ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Prior studies have shown that high TNF-α/IL-10 ratio have been associated with frailty, motoric cognitive risk syndrome, severity of burn injury and susceptibility to infections in burn patients ( 25 , 49 ). TNF-α and IL-6 did not significantly differ between groups, possibly due to enrolled participants being pre-frail ( 20 ).…”

“…IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine and increases in response to inflammatory cascade ( 23 ). Besides its role in neurodegenerative diseases, low or absent IL-10 in mice has shown to be associated with frailty ( 24 , 25 ).…”