Association of Mid Sleep Time and Social Jetlag with Psychosocial Behaviour of Indian Population during Covid-19 Lockdown

Abstract

Background: India, being the third worst affected country from COVID-19 pandemic at the time of study, faced complete lockdown to minimize community transmission that confined people to social isolation for extended durations. Design and Methods: Therefore, we conducted an online questionnaire-based survey for the Indian population after 37 days of complete lockdown to assess the integrative effects of such home restriction and social isolation on mid-sleep time, social jetlag, and their associated psychosocial behaviour. From the reports of sleep onset and waking-up times before and during lockdown as obtained from a total of 1511 respondents of ≥18 years, mid-sleep time (MST) and social jetlag (SJL) were calculated. Participants also rated their psychosocial behaviour related variables on a Likert scale. Results: Significantly delayed MST was noted during the lockdown. The majority showed reduced social jetlag; however, younger people and female subjects exhibited more SJL with delay in MST. Also, delayed MST and elevated SJL problems were more clearly demonstrated in people exhibiting more disturbances in sleep quality and daily routine, lower general mood status, irregular feeding habits (snacking frequency), worsened personal relationship, quality of life, and increased daydreaming events.Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining a regular daily routine with respect to sleep-wake patterns and eating habits to minimize the impact of such a crisis situation on sleep behaviour, social jetlag, and associated psychosocial wellbeing.

Changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Sixty-one studies used self-reported instruments ( 30 – 76 , 79 – 92 ) and 2 device-based (DB) ones ( 77 , 78 ). Of the former, 20 used validated instruments ( 32 , 33 , 42 , 43 , 47 , 51 , 54 , 61 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 – 73 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 90 ) (17 PSQI), and 41 used researcher-developed ones ( 31 , 34 – 41 , 44 – 46 , 48 – 50 , 52 , 53 , 55 – 60 , 62 , 64 , 67 , 70 , 74 – 76 , 79 – 83 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 92 ). With regard to the researcher-developed instruments, some studies utilized selected items of validated tools, but in the majority of cases the investigators asked the participants to evaluate if they had noted a change (either an improvement, worsening or no change) in the sleep outcome being examined during the lockdown with respect to pre-lockdown status.…”

“…With regard to the researcher-developed instruments, some studies utilized selected items of validated tools, but in the majority of cases the investigators asked the participants to evaluate if they had noted a change (either an improvement, worsening or no change) in the sleep outcome being examined during the lockdown with respect to pre-lockdown status. Forty-eight of the studies were cross-sectional ( 30 , 31 , 33 – 50 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 60 – 64 , 66 , 67 , 69 – 71 , 73 – 75 , 79 – 83 , 86 – 90 , 92 ) and 15 were longitudinal ( 32 , 51 , 54 – 56 , 59 , 65 , 68 , 72 , 76 – 78 , 84 , 85 , 91 ). The mean NOS score for the cross-sectional studies was 4.1 (SD = 1.3; range 1-7); it was 5.1 (SD = 1.0; range 3-8) for the longitudinal studies (see Supplementary Table 2 for full scoring information).…”

“…Forty-six out of 49 studies examining sleep quality were included in the meta-analysis: 23 reported data regarding both before and during the COVID-19 lockdown ( 32 , 33 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 – 48 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 61 , 63 , 68 , 71 – 73 , 76 , 83 – 85 , 88 ), 24 reported percentage changes during the lockdown with respect to pre-lockdown levels ( 30 , 31 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 57 , 60 , 62 , 65 , 67 , 74 , 80 – 82 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 92 ); the remaining three were only narratively described ( 38 , 49 , 69 ).…”

Social Isolation and Sleep: Manifestation During COVID-19 Quarantines

“…In addition to quality-type measures, many researchers examined changes in sleep patterns during the COVID-19 quarantines. Delays in sleep timing which frequently included a concomitant increase in sleep quantity were commonly found across many countries ( Benham, 2020 ; Blume et al, 2020 ; Sinha et al, 2020 ; Wright et al, 2020 ; Cellini et al, 2021 ; Conte et al, 2021 ; Robillard et al, 2021 ; Tahara et al, 2021 ). The delays in sleep timing included later bedtimes, mid-sleep times, and wake-up times often resulting in less social jetlag (where sleep times differ between workdays and non-workdays).…”

An Impact of first COVID lockdown on physical and mental health along with the quality of life in Adults belonging to Maharashtra state

“…According to a study on school teachers, yoga practice has been actively pursued to effectively reduce anxiety and stress, so that improved sleep can positively impact immunity. As a result, there is a surge in social media contributing to regular online Yoga classes, which seem to be bene icial in offering convenient means to achieve both mental and physical well-being (Sinha et al, 2020a). Among the adult population of Maharashtra, 33% of people might have adopted these strategies to cope up with the psychological stress associated with lockdown, according to this survey.…”