Association of Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity Phenotype with Markers Related to Obesity, Diabetes among Young, Healthy Adult Men. Analysis of MAGNETIC Study

Abstract

Adipose tissue secretes many regulatory factors called adipokines. Adipokines affect the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. They also influence the regulation of the immune system and inflammation. The current study aimed to evaluate the association between markers related to obesity, diabesity and adipokines and metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity in young men. The study included 98 healthy participants. We divided participants into three subgroups based on body mass index and metabolic health definition: 49 metabolically healthy normal-weight patients, 27 metabolically healthy obese patients and 22 metabolically unhealthy obese patients. The 14 metabolic markers selected were measured in serum or plasma. The analysis showed associations between markers related to obesity, diabesity and adipokines in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese participants. The decreased level of adipsin (p < 0.05) was only associated with metabolically healthy obesity, not with metabolically unhealthy obesity. The decreased level of ghrelin (p < 0.001) and increased level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (p < 0.01) were only associated with metabolically unhealthy obesity, not with metabolically healthy obesity. The decreased level of adiponectin and increased levels of leptin, c-peptide, insulin and angiopoietin-like 3 protein were associated with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity. In conclusion, our data show that metabolically healthy obesity was more similar to metabolically unhealthy obesity in terms of the analyzed markers related to obesity and diabesity.

B-Cell Activating Factor Increases Related to Adiposity, Insulin Resistance, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Overweight and Obese Subjects

“…However, a limitation of the present study is that BAFF’s relationship with more SCAT deposits was not assessed to further describe this phenomenon. Additionally, we evaluated whether serum BAFF increases in OB and OW subjects were related to other adipokines, such as leptin, which increases during OB progression [ 12 ]. This relationship was reported to be negative by Bienertova et al [ 24 ]; however, in our study’s subjects, it was found to be positive, which reflects the active adipogenic state present in these subjects.…”

“…Furthermore, WAT functions as an endocrine organ per se, expressing cytokines, hormones (e.g., leptin, adiponectin, resistin), and peptides termed “adipokines”, which modulate peripheral appetitive signals, as well as tissue metabolic activities [ 12 ]. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a newly described adipokine whose expression in mature human [ 13 , 14 ] and murine [ 15 ] adipocytes has been reported, as well as its role enhancing adipogenesis in vitro [ 16 ].…”

Correlation of Obesity and Overweight with Cervical Vascular Function Among Healthy Populations

“…In obese people, the relative insufficiency of insulin secretion by islet cells results in hunger, which prompts greater eating and weight gain, which in turn exacerbates the relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and eventually leads to the onset of diabetes mellitus. 14 , 15 Diabetes can result in glassy small arteries and hypertension, which can contribute to cerebrovascular illness. 16 According to our study’s findings, those who are obese, overweight, or normal weight have identical fasting glucose and HbA1c levels.…”

Pathogenesis, Murine Models, and Clinical Implications of Metabolically Healthy Obesity

“…The cardioprotective adipokines omentin-1 [ 32 , 33 ] and adiponectin were found to be higher in cases of MHO, but the non-cardioprotective adipokines visfatin and resistin [ 32 , 34 , 35 ] were found to be lower. Mateusz Lejawa et al [ 36 ] recently observed some differences in the adipokine profiles between MHO and MUO in the cohort from the Metabolic and Genetic Profiling of Young Adults with and without a Family History of Premature Coronary Heart Disease (MAGNETIC) study. According to their findings, adipsin is linked only to MHO and not to MUO.…”

“…According to their findings, adipsin is linked only to MHO and not to MUO. Furthermore, markers such as ghrelin and PAI-1 are solely associated with MUO not with MHO [ 36 ]. Further research is required to determine the precise involvement of those adipokines in the cardiometabolic fates of MHO and MUO.…”