Association of metabolic syndrome and the risk of bladder cancer: A prospective cohort study

Abstract

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components have been shown as risk factors for several solid cancers. However, current epidemiological evidence about the relevance of MetS and bladder cancer risk was limited.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 476,986 participants with undiagnosed bladder cancer based on the UK Biobank. MetS was defined as the presence of at least three of the five selected indicators: hypertension, central obesity, raised triglyceride, reduced HDL-cholesterol, and raised fasting plasma glucose. Bladder cancer has been identified through contact with the British Cancer Registry (median follow-up time: 6.6 years). We assessed hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) through Cox proportional hazard regression after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors. Non-linear associations for individual MetS components were assessed by the restricted cubic spline method.ResultsDuring a follow-up of 3,112,566 person-years, 487 cases of bladder cancer were ascertained. MetS (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.08–1.61), central obesity (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.15–1.68), dyslipidemia for HDL cholesterol (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.04–1.66), and hyperglycemia (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.16–1.79) were associated with elevated risk of bladder cancer. Bladder cancer risk increased with the number of MetS components. In stratified analyses, MetS showed similar effects in bladder cancer independently with sex, age, cigarette and alcohol use, physical activity, and dietary factors. Higher waist circumference, BMI, fasting blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin were independently associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, with no evidence against non-linearity.ConclusionMetS might be an independent risk factor for bladder cancer. Our findings highlighted the importance of individualized management of MetS components for preventing bladder cancer.

The causal relationship between osteoarthritis and bladder cancer: A Mendelian randomization study

“…Third, some drugs excreted through the urinary system during the diagnosis and treatment of OA may become carcinogens of bladder cancer. 25,[47][48][49] In addition, a number of other risk factors are shared in the development of OA and bladder cancer, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, [50][51][52][53] coffee consumption, 33,54 higher serum IGF-1 concentration, [55][56][57] Brazilin, 58 Chondromodulin-1, 59 vitamin K-dependent protein, and GRP/Ucma. 60 The mechanism explanation for the noncausal association between site-specific OA (knee OA and hip OA) and bladder cancer risk may be related to the higher dose or longer duration of NSAIDs.…”

“…Third, some drugs excreted through the urinary system during the diagnosis and treatment of OA may become carcinogens of bladder cancer. 25 , 47 , 48 , 49 In addition, a number of other risk factors are shared in the development of OA and bladder cancer, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 coffee consumption, 33 , 54 higher serum IGF‐1 concentration, 55 , 56 , 57 Brazilin, 58 Chondromodulin‐1, 59 vitamin K‐dependent protein, and GRP/Ucma. 60 …”

Serum EZH2 is a novel biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis

“…The early detection and continuous monitoring of bladder cancer have consistently presented challenges in the field of urology, largely due to the lack of highly sensitive and specific methods ( 10 , 11 ). Although cystoscopy is widely utilized as the gold standard for identifying bladder cancer, it is not a viable screening method owing to its invasive nature and high cost ( 12 ).…”