“…We identified inpatient and outpatient clinical diagnoses before 2007 for OUD and other SUD, suicide attempt or other self-injury, and attentiondeficit/hyperactivity, depressive, anxiety, schizophrenia spectrum, and bipolar disorders (eTable 3, Supplemental Digital Content, lists all ICD codes). We adapted ICD codes from prior opioid-related and register-based research [52,53]. As an alternative index of mental health, we also examined 2005-2006 receipt of psychoactive medications (i.e., antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, mood stabilizers, non-benzodiazepine zhypnotics, and medications used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, OUD, and other SUD).…”