Association of Low-Level Ozone and Fine Particles With Respiratory Symptoms in Children With Asthma

Gent, Janneane F.

doi:10.1001/jama.290.14.1859

Cited by 404 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Ambient ozone is formed from the photochemical reaction of nitrogen oxides found in traffic related pollutants and tends to be highest in the late afternoon. Several studies have shown a causal relationship between O 3 exposure and respiratory-tract symptoms, decreased lung function, and asthma exacerbations (Gent et al, 2003;Kinney et al, 1996). Exposure to O 3 levels below 60 ppb has been shown to affect lung function in amateur cyclists, and it has been speculated that childhood exposure may have detrimental effects on lung function later in life (Galizia & Kinney, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular Air Pollution, Playgrounds, and Youth Athletic Fields

Rundell

Caviston

Hollenbach

et al. 2006

Inhalation Toxicology

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In spite of epidemiological evidence concerning vehicular air pollution and adverse respiratory/cardiovascular health, many athletic fields and school playgrounds are adjacent to high traffic roadways and could present long-term health risks for exercising children and young adults. Particulate matter (PM 1 ,0.02-1.0 µm diameter) number counts were taken serially at four elementary school athletic/playground fields and at one university soccer field. Elementary school PM 1 measurements were taken over 17 days; measurements at the university soccer field were taken over 62 days. The high-traffic-location elementary school field demonstrated higher 17-day [PM 1 ] than the moderate and 2 low traffic elementary school fields (48,890 ± 34,260, 16,730 ± 10,550, 11,960 ± 6680, 10,030 ± 6280, respective mean counts; p < .05). The 62-day mean PM 1 values at the university soccer field ranged from 115,000 to 134,000 particles cm −3 . Lowest mean values were recorded at measurement sites furthest from the highway (∼34,000 particles cm −3 ) and followed a second-order logarithmic decay (R 2 = .999) with distance away from the highway. Mean NO 2 and SO 2 levels were below 100 ppb, mean CO was 0.33 ± 1.87 ppm, and mean O 3 was 106 ± 47 ppb. Ozone increased with rising temperature and was highest in the warmer afternoon hours (R = .61). Although the consequence of daily recess play and athletic activities by school children and young athletes in high ambient [PM 1 ] conditions has not yet been clearly defined, this study is a critical component to evaluating functional effects of chronic combustion-derived PM exposure on these exercising schoolchildren and young adults. Future studies should examine threshold limits and mechanistic actions of real-world particle exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular Air Pollution, Playgrounds, and Youth Athletic Fields

Rundell

Caviston

Hollenbach

et al. 2006

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…Downs et al [65] demonstrated that declines in PM 10 concentration may actually lead to an attenuated decline in lung function in adult patients. However, research on healthy adults has not as consistently shown an association between PM and respiratory compromise [66].…”

Section: Pm and Pulmonary Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

2011

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The World Health Organization estimates that particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to approximately 800,000 premature deaths each year, ranking it the 13th leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, many studies show that the relationship is deeper and far more complicated than originally thought. PM is a portion of air pollution that is made up of extremely small particles and liquid droplets containing acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. PM is categorized by size and continues to be the fraction of air pollution that is most reliably associated with human disease. PM is thought to contribute to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease by the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, direct and indirect coagulation activation, and direct translocation into systemic circulation. The data demonstrating PM's effect on the cardiovascular system are strong. Populations subjected to long-term exposure to PM have a significantly higher cardiovascular incident and mortality rate. Short-term acute exposures subtly increase the rate of cardiovascular events within days of a pollution spike. The data are not as strong for PM's effects on cerebrovascular disease, though some data and similar mechanisms suggest a lesser result with smaller amplitude. Respiratory diseases are also exacerbated by exposure to PM. PM causes respiratory morbidity and mortality by creating oxidative stress and inflammation that leads to pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodeling. The literature shows PM causes worsening respiratory symptoms, more frequent medication use, decreased lung function, recurrent health care utilization, and increased mortality. PM exposure has been shown to have a small but significant adverse effect on cardiovascular, respiratory, and to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular disease. These consistent results are shown by multiple studies with varying populations, protocols, and regions. The data demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between PM and human disease, and that removal from a PM-rich environment decreases the prevalence of these diseases. While further study is needed to elucidate the effects of composition, chemistry, and the PM effect on susceptible populations, the preponderance of data shows that PM exposure causes a small but significant increase in human morbidity and mortality. Most sources agree on certain "common sense" recommendations, although there are lonely limited data to support them. Indoor PM exposure can be reduced by the usage of air conditioning and particulate filters, decreasing indoor combustion for heating and cooking, and smoking cessation. Susceptible populations, such as the elderly or asthmatics, may benefit from limiting their outdoor activity during peak traffic periods or poor air quality days. These simple changes may benefit individual patients in both short-term symptomatic control and long-term cardiovascular and respiratory complications.

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“…PM2.5 concentration has been found to be associated with cardiopulmonary disease, lung cancer, and an increased morbidity and mortality (Schwartz et al, 1996;Gent et al, 2003Gent et al, , 2009Dominici et al, 2006;Bell et al, 2007;Franklin et al, 2007;Slama et al, 2007;Pope et al, 2002;Miller et al, 2007;Lepeule et al, 2012). As an official norm to stand for fine-particle abundance, PM2.5 mass concentrations are monitored widely by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through in situ instruments at surface monitoring sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote sensing of PM2.5 during cloudy and nighttime periods using ceilometer backscatter

Joseph

Min

et al. 2017

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Monitoring PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter d ≤ 2.5 µm) mass concentration has become of more importance recently because of the negative impacts of fine particles on human health. However, monitoring PM2.5 during cloudy and nighttime periods is difficult since nearly all the passive instruments used for aerosol remote sensing are not able to measure aerosol optical depth (AOD) under either cloudy or nighttime conditions. In this study, an empirical model based on the regression between PM2.5 and the near-surface backscatter measured by ceilometers was developed and tested using 6 years of data (2006 to 2011) from the Howard University Beltsville Campus (HUBC) site. The empirical model can explain ∼ 56, ∼ 34 and ∼ 42 % of the variability in the hourly average PM2.5 during daytime clear, daytime cloudy and nighttime periods, respectively. Meteorological conditions and seasons were found to influence the relationship between PM2.5 mass concentration and the surface backscatter. Overall the model can explain ∼ 48 % of the variability in the hourly average PM2.5 at the HUBC site when considering the seasonal variation. The model also was tested using 4 years of data (2012 to 2015) from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, which was geographically and climatologically different from the HUBC site. The results show that the empirical model can explain ∼ 66 and ∼ 82 % of the variability in the daily average PM2.5 at the ARM SGP site and HUBC site, respectively. The findings of this study illustrate the strong need for ceilometer data in air quality monitoring under cloudy and nighttime conditions. Since ceilometers are used broadly over the world, they may provide an important supplemental source of information of aerosols to determine surface PM2.5 concentrations.

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Association of Low-Level Ozone and Fine Particles With Respiratory Symptoms in Children With Asthma

Cited by 404 publications

References 22 publications

Vehicular Air Pollution, Playgrounds, and Youth Athletic Fields

Vehicular Air Pollution, Playgrounds, and Youth Athletic Fields

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

Remote sensing of PM2.5 during cloudy and nighttime periods using ceilometer backscatter

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