The mechanisms of the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) development and its complications are analyzed on the tissue and cell levels. That’s why studying polymorphism of interleukin (IL) genes is important. Genotypes IL1β-511Т/Т, IL1β31С/С and IL1RN2/2 (receptor antagonist IL1) associate with high risk of complicated course of GERD disease. Researching genes polymorphism of the pro-inflammatory cytokines of the patients having gastroesophageal reflux disease and changes in gastric mucosa it was determined that genotype IL1β-511Т/Т is associated with the deeper local level of IL1β. Meanwhile the patients having erosive esophagitis had lover level of IL1β. It was determined that genotype IL1RN2/2 and haplotype IL1RN*2 /IL1В-31*Т are connected with the high risk of esophagus cancer of patients having Helicobacter pylori. Genotype IL1β-511Т/Т and haplotype IL1β-511Т/Т /IL1RN1/1 of the patients having GERD are associated with the low risk of the esophagus cancer. So, the allele IL1RN*2 and genotype IL1RN2/2 can combine by independent predictors of GERD progression. The study of this field should be continued taking into account not only changes in gastric mucosa, presence of helicobacteriosis, but also the nature of gastroesophageal reflux.