Association of interferon gamma inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, interleukin-6, and rs12252 single nucleotide polymorphism of interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 gene with the severity of COVID-19 infection

Abstract

Background Evaluating the serum levels of IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IL-6 and genotyping of rs12252 SNP of IFITM3 gene among different categories of COVID-19 patients might aid in understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and contribute to developing disease-specific biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Methods This is a cross-sectional study involving a total of 84 COVID-19 patients confirmed by positive RT-PCR and 28 healthy controls. COVID-19 patients were recruited from the intensive care unit (ICU) and COVID unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka. COVID-19 patients were categorized into moderate, severe, and critically ill groups according to the World Health Organization classification. The serum IP-10, MCP-1, and MIP-1α levels were measured by cytometric bead array assay by flow cytometry, and serum IL-6 level was detected by the chemiluminescence method. rs12252 SNP of the IFITM3 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR RFLP). Results The serum IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IL-6 levels among critically ill COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than that in patients with moderate disease and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Genotype distribution for rs12252 (42 T/C) SNP of the IFITM3 gene between the different groups of COVID-19 patients and healthy controls showed that CC genotype was statistically associated with disease severity (p < 0.001). Conclusions IP-10 and MCP-1, MIP-α, IL-6, and CC genotype of rs12252 (42 T/C) SNP of IFITM3 gene are associated with COVID-19 severity.

Interferon-Gamma Inducible Protein-10: Not a Mortality Marker for COVID-19 Disease

“…1 On the other hand, other studies compared patients admitted to the ICU with those in the wards or those with different clinical pictures. 16,17 According to these results, IP-10 may be a good biomarker for predicting the progression of the COVID-19 patient newly admitted to the hospital. Still, it may not be a good biomarker for the COVID patients followed in the ICU.…”

Inflammation as Prognostic Hallmark of Clinical Outcome in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…This phenomenon has been considered an important contributor to ARDS and MODS in COVID-19 patients [ 3 ]. It has been reported that the levels of IL-6, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-7 (IL-7), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon gamma induced protein (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Alterations in the Expression of IFN Lambda, IFN Gamma and Toll-like Receptors in Severe COVID-19 Patients

“…Moreover, IFNγ concentrations were positively correlated with LDH levels. Interestingly, several studies have found that IFNγ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), together with CRP, is a relevant marker of mortality in COVID-19 [ 53 , 54 ]. At the same time, reduced serum IFNλ2 levels have been associated with greater disease severity [ 55 ], suggesting low antiviral activity and SARS-CoV-2 persistence.…”