Association of inflammatory cytokines with traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in Indians with known coronary artery disease

Abstract

Background:Inflammatory processes are implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data on the association of inflammatory markers with cardiovascular risk factors in Indian patients with CVD are limited.Aim:This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the association of inflammatory markers with traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.Subjects and Methods:We studied the association of serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (0.1-37.9 mg/l), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (2-253.2 pg/ml) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (8-525.8 pg/ml) with cardiovascular risk factors in 300 (M: 216, F: 84; mean age: 60.9 (12.4) years) CAD patients. All patients were evaluated for anthropometry and cardiovascular risk factors, and blood samples were collected for biochemical and inflammatory markers. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Version 20.Results:Mean hsCRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in study population were 11.7 (9.7) mg/l, 64.5 (75.2) pg/ml, and 25.3 (40.9) pg/ml respectively. A total of 73.6% (221/300) patients had hsCRP levels >3.0 mg/l. All inflammatory markers were significantly higher and showed a positive correlation with dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and/or hypertension (HTN). TNF-α had a negative correlation with age and positive correlation with smoking. Only IL-6 and hsCRP had a positive correlation with insulin resistance and negative correlation with insulin secretion. Among lipid parameters, triglyceride had a positive correlation, and high density lipoprotein had a negative correlation with all inflammatory markers. There was a progressive increase in the percentage of subjects with diabetes, HTN, and dyslipidemia with increasing levels of inflammatory markers.Conclusions:Indian patients with CAD had significantly high levels of inflammatory markers, which were related to cardiovascular risk factors.

Association of interleukin-6 gene polymorphism with coronary artery disease: an updated systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis

“…Previous researchers have reported that CAD is a chronic inflammatory process, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines play a major role in the progression of CAD [2,3]. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a pleiotropic cytokine of 23.7 kDa, is one of the important inflammatory cytokines and regulates the inflammatory response of CAD [4,5]. The human IL-6 gene is situated in chromosome 7p21 and there are three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 50 flanking region of the IL-6 gene promoter [6].…”

Association of high sensitivity C – reactive protein (hs-CRP) with unstable angina: An alarm for vulnerable plaques in CAD patients

“…8,9 Various research studies were carried out on CAD patients in Indian population for the assessment of inflammatory status. The association of inflammatory markers like IL-6, TNF alpha, 10 homocysteine, 11 ferritin, 12 Lp (a) 13 and hsCRP 14 with CAD has been shown in Indians. hsCRP has been identified as one of the promising one.…”

Role of serum interleukin-6 in heart failure

“…9 Increased level of interleukin-6 was seen in acute myocardial infarction, coronary syndrome, unstable angina patients, acute and in advanced heart failure patients. 4,5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Until now C reactive protein is the only established inflammatory marker by World Health Organization standard for coronary risk. 19 Therefore, authors hypothesized that this interleukin-6 can not only serve as new marker for diagnosis of heart failure but also can be used for identification of high risk heart failure patients.…”