Association of immunologic findings of atheromatous plaques with subsequent cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease

Abstract

Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) have a higher risk of cardiovascular events. We examined the histology of atheromatous plaques in the femoral artery and investigated their association with subsequent cardiovascular events in patients with PAD. Patients who underwent femoral artery endarterectomy between March 2010 and January 2021 were included. We analyzed the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), citrullinated histone, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in femoral artery plaques by immunohistochemistry. Data on the subsequent occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), major adverse limb events (MALEs), and all-cause mortality were retrospectively collected. A total of 37 patients were included. The median age was 71 (range, 42–90) years, and 25 patients (67.6%) were male. During the median follow-up of 24 months, 10 patients experienced MACEs and 16 patients had MALEs. Patients with MACEs had a higher number of MPO-stained cells (p = 0.044) and lower PD-L1 staining intensity (p = 0.021) in atheromatous plaques compared with those of patients with a stable prognosis. When the patients were grouped according to the immunologic score based on the MPO-stained cell number and PD-L1 staining intensity, those with a higher score had a significantly higher cumulative risk of MACEs (p = 0.014). The immunologic profile of excised peripheral artery plaques may be associated with future cardiovascular events in patients with PAD.