Association of immune complexes and plasma viral load with CD4+ cell depletion, CD8+DR+ and CD16+ cell counts in HIV+ hemophilia patients. Implications for the immunopathogenesis of HIV-induced CD4+ lymphocyte depletion

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)/Immunoglobulin G Immune Complexes in SIV-Infected Macaques Block Detection of CD16 but Not Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells

“…Early in the AIDS epidemic, high levels of ICs were detected in HIV-infected individuals, and after the virus was identified as the etiologic agent of AIDS, these ICs were shown to contain HIV virions or proteins (36,37,51,52,54). Consistent with SIV infection of macaques, the formation of HIV-ICs was related to high titers of HIV-specific antibodies, high levels of HIV virion RNA in plasma, and progressive disease (14,19,51,52,54). Furthermore, complement fixation by HIV-ICs was shown to facilitate dissemination of virus bound as an IC to B cells, dendritic cells, or erythrocytes, thus contributing directly to infection of CD4 ϩ T cells and to disease (32,36,37,53).…”

HIV Toxins: Gp120 as an Independent Modulator of Cell Function

“…Gp120 was found to induce anergy by stimulating the activity of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which causes the progressive accumulation of the phosphorylated form of the cAMP-responsive element binding, a pathway which is also activated by the ligation of CXCR4 by SDF-1 (Masci et al, 2003). It should be noted that although there is an association between circulating Gp120 and the induction of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-10, and TNFalpha in some HIV infected individuals (Rychert et al, 2010), this effect can not be necessarily induced by direct cell interaction with Gp120, since cytokines could be induced www.intechopen.com also by deposition of Gp120-anti-Gp120 immune complexes, which has been associated with disease progression (Daniel et al, 2001;Gerencer et al, 1998). Evidences indicate that Gp120, Tat and Nef may be largely involved in the events allowing the initial entry of HIV into the brain and in the injury and apoptosis of neurons.…”

The seroprevalance of viral infections and their effects on immune system in turkish haemophiliac patients

“…showed that there is mild immune system abnormality with use of high grade purity level products [19]. In HIV‐infected haemophiliacs, a mild decline in the CD4 [+] cell count and CD4/8 ratio and an increase in IgG levels was observed in some studies [20–22]. It is possible that HIV induces CD4 [+] T lymphocyte depletion in part by the formation of immune complexes that attach to CD4 [+] lymphocytes [22].…”

“…In HIV‐infected haemophiliacs, a mild decline in the CD4 [+] cell count and CD4/8 ratio and an increase in IgG levels was observed in some studies [20–22]. It is possible that HIV induces CD4 [+] T lymphocyte depletion in part by the formation of immune complexes that attach to CD4 [+] lymphocytes [22]. We need a large population and long‐term detailed study to investigate immunomodulation abnormalities and viral infection prevalance in haemophilic patients in Turkey.…”