Association of ACE1 I/D rs1799752 and ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms with the infection and severity of COVID‐19: A meta‐analysis

Abstract

Background ACE1 I/D rs1799752 and ACE2 rs2285666 genetic polymorphisms could play a critical role in altering the clinical outcomes of SARS‐CoV‐2. The findings of previous studies remained inconclusive. This meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the association and provide a more reliable outcome. Methods This study was completed following the updated recommendations of PRISMA using RevMan 5.4.1 statistical software. Results A total of 11 studies with 950 severe cases and 1573 non‐severe cases with COVID‐19 infection were included. Pooled analysis showed that ACE1 I/D polymorphism was correlated with the severity of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the DD genotype and D allele for the fixed‐effects model (OR:1.27 and OR:1.17). Besides, codominant 3, recessive, and allele models were associated with the severity of the fixed‐effects model (OR:1.35, OR:1.37, and OR:1.20) in Caucasian ethnicity. ACE2 rs2285666 was linked with the severity in codominant 3 (OR:2.63, for both random‐ and fixed effects‐models), overdominant (OR:1.97, for random‐effects model and OR:1.97, for fixed effects‐model), and recessive model (OR:0.41 for fixed‐ and random‐effects model). Allele model of rs2285666 showed a significant association in the fixed‐effects model (OR:1.61). Conclusion Our present meta‐analysis suggests that ACE1 I/D rs1799752 and ACE2 rs2285666 variants may enhance the severity in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients. Future studies are warranted to verify our findings.

Identification of human genetic variants modulating the course of COVID-19 infection with importance in other viral infections

“…Nonetheless, it is important to note that different studies report conflicting results regarding this polymorphism. A more recent meta-analysis of 11 studies reports rs2285666 as associated with more severe COVID-19 ( Aziz and Islam, 2022 ). Also, T allele was identified as a risk factor for severe or fatal COVID-19, especially in males, regardless of age, hypertension, T2DM, and obesity ( Martinez-Gomez et al, 2022 ).…”

An update on vaccine status and the role of nanomedicine against SARS‐CoV‐2: A narrative review

“…In general, they contain various components in their structure, including spike (S) glycoprotein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein that contributes to its pathogenesis. The binding of the S protein to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor facilitates viral fusion, enabling the virus to enter host cells 10,11 …”

“…10,11 Initially, a cluster of pneumonia patients of the unidentified cause was linked to the seafood and wet animal wholesale market located in Wuhan, a city in Hubei Province, China. 10 As a matter of fact, the symptoms were found to be identical to the patients with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV; for instance, fever, cough with chest pain, and in worst cases, difficulty in breathing and bilateral pulmonary infiltration. 10,12 The World Health Organisation (WHO) named the disease COVID-19 in December 2019.…”

“…The binding of the S protein to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor facilitates viral fusion, enabling the virus to enter host cells. 10 , 11 …”

ACE1 rs1799752 polymorphism is not associated with long-COVID symptomatology in previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors

“…Another potential SNP that could be implicated in various clinical diseases (e.g., renal damage, pneumonia, ischemic stroke) and also immunological reaction (i.e., cytokine storm) induced by SARS-CoV-2 is ACE1 rs1799752 [3] . In fact, evidence suggests that the D allele of this SNP is associated with higher severity of SARS-CoV-2 [4] .…”