Association of frequent consumption of fatty fish with prostate cancer risk is modified by COX‐2 polymorphism

Abstract

Dietary intake of marine fatty acids from fish may protect against prostate cancer development. We studied this association and whether it is modified by genetic variation in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism and inflammation. We assessed dietary intake of fish among 1,499 incident prostate cancer cases and 1,130 population controls in Sweden. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and genotyped in available blood samples for 1,378 cases and 782 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Multiplicative and additive interactions between fish intake and COX-2 SNPs on prostate cancer risk were evaluated. Eating fatty fish (e.g. salmon-type fish) once or more per week, compared to never, was associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.43-0.76). The OR comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of marine fatty acids intake was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.51-0.97). We found a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between salmon-type fish intake and a SNP in the COX-2 gene (rs5275: 16365 T/C), but not with the 4 other SNPs examined. We found strong inverse associations with increasing intake of salmon-type fish among carriers of the variant allele (OR for once per week or more vs. never 5 0.28, 95% CI: 0.18-0.45; p trend < 0.01), but no association among carriers of the more common allele. Frequent consumption of fatty fish and marine fatty acids appears to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, and this association is modified by genetic variation in the COX-2 gene. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Nutrigenomics: interaction between certain genetic polymorphisms and a diet

“…V tem primeru so pomembne razli~ice genetskega zapisa za ciklooksigenazo-2 (COX-2), klju~nega encima, ki je udele`en pri presnovi ma{~obnih kislin, ki pa sodeluje tudi pri vnetnih procesih (57). Vedno ve~ je podatkov, da naj bi n-3 ma{~obne kisline, posebno EPA in DHA, delovale oziroma {~itile pred razvojem raka na prostati (58).…”

“…Pokazali so, da se tako pri homozigotih kot pri heterozigotih variantnega alela +6365C gena COX-2 tveganje za razvoj raka prostate zmanj{a, ~e v prehrani pove~amo vnos lososa (vplivamo na pove~an vnos n-3 dolgoveri`nih ve~kratnenasi~enih ma{~obnimi kislin). Pri ljudeh z divjim tipom alela pa ne glede na koli~ino vnosa n-3 dolgoveri`nih ve~kratnenasi~enih ma{~obnih kislin niso dokazali nobene razlike v tveganju za razvoj raka prostate (57). Ta podatek ponovno podpira tezo o individualizirani prehrani na osnovi genotipa.…”

Nutrigenomics: a case for the common soil between cardiovascular disease and cancer

“…modified by genetic variations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism and inflammation [17]. Increasing evidence from animal and in vitro studies shows that omega-3 (x-3) fatty acids, especially long chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protect against prostate cancer [29,53].…”

“…In a case control study on 1,378 patients with prostate cancer and 782 controls in Sweeden, Hedelin and coworkers [17] observed a significant interaction between intake of salmon-type fish, rich in n-3 fatty acids and a genetic variant of COX-2 in determining the risk of prostate cancer. Among homozygotes or heterozygotes of the variant allele of +6365 T/C SNP of COX-2 gene, high intake of salmon-type fish was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of prostate cancer, while there was no association between fish intake and cancer risk in carriers of the wild-type allele.…”

The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and prostate cancer risk in the Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study

“…However, considering the interplay between different components of the diet, it may be more informative to study the effect of overall diet. There is also growing evidence for potential gene-diet interactions in the development of PC (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) .…”