“…Chemical and physical methods, including excavation and soil capping [21,22], pump and treat technologies [23,24], mineral adsorption [25][26][27], mineral precipitation [28,29], complexation [30][31][32], adsorption to permeable zero-valent iron and hydroxyapatite reactive barriers [33][34][35], cement solidification [36,37], and vitrification [38,39], have all demonstrated efficacy in mitigating contaminant transport in situ. Remediation methods that depend upon chemical transformations for in situ sequestration of contaminants must first consider local geochemical parameters that include local geology, concentrations of soluble anions and cations, pH, and redox state.…”