Association of Eating Pattern, Chronotype, and Social Jetlag: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Data Accumulated in a Japanese Food-Logging Mobile Health Application

Abstract

Chronotype (morningness–eveningness) and social jetlag (SJL; discrepancy in the sleep pattern between the weekday and weekend) are related to eating behavior and health. The association between sleep behavior and the daily macro- and micronutrient eating pattern of each meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) have not been discussed well and need more evidence. Here, meal pattern datasets of Japanese participants aged 20–59 years were obtained as averages over 1 month from the data stored in the food-logging app “Asken”. We allocated three groups for each chronotype and SJL. Multiple regression analyses revealed that morning chronotype and small SJL were associated with higher total daily intake of potassium, fiber, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin K. Breakfast energy intake and consumption of nutrients, including protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and minerals, were higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Lunch intake of potassium, cholesterol, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin K was also higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Dinner energy intake and nutrient intake of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, sodium, and saturated fatty acids were lower in the morning chronotype or small SJL. The current data would help to establish a detailed reference for dietary intake which considers eating patterns over a day.

Biological Rhythms, Chrono-Nutrition, and Gut Microbiota: Epigenomics Insights for Precision Nutrition and Metabolic Health

“…These changes, when they are chronic, result in a cascade of endogenous shifts at different levels of regulation of circadian cues, central and peripheral, which interact with each other [25]. The circadian characteristics of each person are related to their tendency to perform activities (e.g., work or sport) at certain moments of the 24 h cycle, which makes it possible to classify individuals into different chronotypes [22]. Individuals may be morning type, preferring to carry out their activities from dawn to midday; afternoon type, having a maximum productivity from the afternoon to dusk; or nocturnal type, working optimally during the night and early morning [23], which enables their peripheral clocks to respond differently to environmental stimuli [22].…”