Association of DRD2 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in the young Bangladeshi population: A pilot study

Abstract

Purpose DRD2 gene is considered one of the most important candidate genes for the schizophrenia (SCZ) development due to its role in dopamine signaling and no genetic association study has been conducted yet on the Bangladeshi SCZ patients. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of DRD2 genetic polymorphisms (rs4648317, rs4936270, and rs7131056) with SCZ in the Bangladeshi population. Patients and methods This case-control study consisted of 101 SCZ patients and 101 controls. Genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method. Results The average ages were 22.15 and 22.09 years in patients and controls, respectively (p > 0.05). CT genotype of rs4936270 showed a significantly higher risk for the development of SCZ compared to CC genotype (OR = 2.0, p = 0.023), whereas no association was found for TT genotype. For the dominant model and T allele, rs4936270 showed a higher risk for the development of SCZ (OR = 2.01, p = 0.020; OR = 1.76, p = 0.021, respectively), while the recessive model had no association with SCZ. A statistically significant (OR = 2.70, p = 0.036) higher risk was found for the AA genotype, but no association was found for GA genotype of rs4648317 SNP compared to GG genotype. In case of dominant and recessive models, rs4648317 showed no association with SCZ. ‘A’ allele of rs4648317 SNP was found to be significantly associated with the elevated risk of SCZ (OR = 1.50, p = 0.044). No association with SCZ of rs7131056 SNP was found for AC, CC genotypes, dominant, recessive, and allele models. Furthermore, from the haplotyping analysis, we found that CAA and TAA haplotypes of rs4936270, rs7131056 and rs4648317 SNPs are associated with SCZ (χ2 = 8.26, p = 0.004; χ2 = 5.31, p = 0.021, respectively). After Bonferroni correction, the association of SCZ did not withstand with any genotype, allele and haplotype (p < 0.017) except CAA haplotype. Conclusion Our results suggest that DRD2 gene polymorphisms may be associated with the susceptibility of SCZ in the young Bangladeshi population.

Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil: Extraction, GC–MS, Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and In Silico Molecular Docking for Protein Targets Related to CNS

“…Given the high interrelation of proteins, it was important to analyze the biological function of each of these proteins and the diseases related to them to find the possible applications of this oil and explain the effects reported in the scientific literature. Table 3 shows a summary of this information, highlighting the association with two neurotransmitters, acetylcholine [ 49 , 50 ] and dopamine [ 54 , 55 , 56 ], which play crucial roles in human physiology such as the control of voluntary movement, motivation, and cognitive functions, among others. These functions support the effect on the CNS, as altering these two systems can generate relaxation and neuroprotective effects.…”

Disclosing common biological signatures and predicting new therapeutic targets in schizophrenia and obsessive–compulsive disorder by integrated bioinformatics analysis

“…The DRD2 gene, coding for dopamine D2 receptor, is an attractive candidate gene for SCZ due to its role in dopaminergic system [ 70 ]. Several polymorphisms of this gene have been identified related to SCZ, hence it is well considered as a causative factor in SCZ [ 71 ].…”

Childhood traumatic events and the dopaminergic theory of psychosis: A mini-review of studies investigating gene – environment interactions

“…Studies have reported that DRD2 gene is associated with risk to develop schizophrenia (Hussain et al, 2020) as well as response to medication (Zhang et al, 2015). There is one study showing that the DRD2 polymorphisms (rs17601612 and rs6589386) are associated with subclinical psychotic experiences that are related to chronic and severe stress (Bruenig et al, 2014).…”