Association of Dietary Patterns with Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation among Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwan

Abstract

This study examined the correlation of dietary patterns with components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and inflammation among middle-aged and older adults with MetS in Taiwan. This cross-sectional study used data from the Mei Jau International Health Management Institution in Taiwan between 2004 and 2013. A total of 26,016 subjects aged 35 years and above were selected for analysis. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation. Three dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. High intake of a meat–instant food dietary pattern (rich in animal protein, saturated fat, sweets, sodium, and food additives) was positively associated with components of MetS and C-reactive protein (CRP), while high intake of a vege–seafood dietary pattern (rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and unsaturated fat) or a cereal–dairy dietary pattern (rich in dietary fiber, antioxidants, phytochemicals, complex carbohydrate, prebiotics, and probiotics) was inversely associated with components of MetS and CRP. Our findings suggested that intake of a vege–seafood dietary pattern or a cereal–dairy dietary pattern decreased the risk of developing MetS and inflammation among middle-aged and older adults with MetS.

Association between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Abdominal Obesity and Healthy Eating Index in a Representative Older Spanish Population

“…Specifically, higher adherence to the MPD was associated with higher levels of adiponectin, and lower levels of leptin, TNF-α, PAI-1, and hs-CRP in the mentioned study. Although some studies did not find differences between men and women in the effects of a prudent diet or MDP on systemic inflammation [12,73], in our study, women who followed more suitable diets (with a score higher than 80 points) were protected against a high inflammatory state (NLR ≥ 2.4), a result that was not observed in males. This could be explained by the fact that only women who had an adequate consumption of vegetables and cereals had a more adequate inflammatory state.…”

“…In particular, obesity has been linked to high CRP levels [87][88][89] and changes in the leukocyte profile [90,91]. In addition, according to our results, in a study carried out in 26,016 middle-aged and older adults (>35 years old) with metabolic syndrome in Taiwan, obesity, high body fat, high WC or hip circumference, and high WHtR were significantly associated with increased odds ratios of high CRP and NLR [12]. Furthermore, some studies in obese adults showed that weight loss improved inflammation parameters [91,92].…”

“…While some studies categorized their patients according to NLR intervals (e.g., tertiles, quartiles, quintiles) [58][59][60], other studies used definite NLR cutoff points (e.g., NLR ≥ 2.5 [61], NLR ≥ 2.7 [62], NLR ≥ 3 [12,63], NLR ≥ 4 [64], and NLR ≥ 5 [65][66][67]). In the present paper, the average value of the obtained NLR from the participants was 2.03 ± 0.89, this value being higher in males than in females, which coincided with other studies where participants with high levels of inflammatory markers were more frequently men than women [12,68]. In addition, this parameter was positively related to age, which was also observed in other studies in which both NLR and various proinflammatory adipokines were shown to increase with age [69,70].…”

“…All these beneficial effects could be due to its anti-inflammatory effect [7], related to its high content of vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereals, fish, and olive oil, and low content of saturated lipids, meat, and poultry [8,9]. Similarly, other studies observed that a high intake of trans fatty acids has a positive correlation with inflammation [10], a diet high in meat and processed food is positively correlated with inflammation [11,12], and, in contrast, a high intake of vegetables is inversely associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations [13,14].…”

Association between dietary inflammatory index and components of metabolic syndrome

“…Therefore, there might be a link between the dietary inflammation capacity and MetS. [12][13][14] However, previous studies have mainly assessed the intake of a single food with high inflammatory potential in relation to MetS and little attention has been laid on considering diet as whole. Assessing total inflammatory potential of diet in evaluation of diet-disease relations is better than assessing the intake of a single food or nutrient.…”