Association of designated open water swim area regulations and open water drowning rates

Quan, Linda; Mills, Brianna; Chau, Suet Sen; Bennett, Elizabeth; Bolt, Kaylin; Gomez, Anthony

doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043464

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The majority (n = 16) [ 38 – 53 ] were from HICs; six [ 54 – 59 ] were from LMICs. Australia (n = 7) [ 38 , 39 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 52 , 53 ] and the US (n = 6) [ 40 – 42 , 47 , 49 , 51 ] were the two most represented geographical locations, representing over half of included studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The four studies involving both behavioural and socio-ecological interventions used a combination of educational material (i.e., drowning awareness campaigns) and changes in environment (i.e., barriers to water, increased lifejackets available) [55][56][57][58], with one study [42] comparing differences between an educational or regulatory intervention. Of the studies applying a socioecological approach, five studies were regulatory, involving the introduction of mandatory personal floatation devices (PFDs) [38][39][40] or other regulations [47,51]. Two studies were environmental, involving signage [41,43].…”

Section: Data Extraction Analysis and Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty-two studies were included in the review (Table 2). The majority (n = 16) [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] were from HICs; six [54][55][56][57][58][59] were from LMICs. Australia (n = 7) [38,39,43,46,48,52,53] and the US (n = 6) [40-42, 47, 49, 51] were the two most represented geographical locations, representing over half of included studies.…”

Section: Setting Duration and Evaluation Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behavioural activities were reported as educational, involving swimming lessons [46,48,50,53,54,59] proportion of volunteer rescue personnel with resuscitation training [57,58]. Six studies (27%) assessed changes in drowning rates [38,47,[55][56][57][58]. Four studies assessed knowledge, with three relating to rescue knowledge [45,46,52], and the study by Matthews et al (2014) reporting no change in hazard knowledge.…”

Section: Drowning Prevention Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Self-reported limitations relating to recruitment and participants included: a low response rate [48] and a small sample size [48][49][50]53], convenience sampling [44,45,53], and English-only survey instruments [45,48]. Limitations relating to study design included: short-term intervention [54], no control or comparison group [38,55,56], self-reported behaviour [44], selection bias [47], cross-contamination between groups [58], and lack of generalisability to other settings/groups [57]. Studies using observational data noted the potential for observational bias or misclassification of data [39,40,42,61].…”

Section: Self-reported Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Interventions for Drowning Prevention Among Adults

et al. 2023

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Adult drowning is a complex and multifactorial public health challenge requiring community, national and global efforts to mitigate impacts. This study updates the evidence base for public health interventions that address adult fatal and non-fatal drowning. A systematic review was undertaken of the peer-reviewed literature for English-language primary studies published between 2011 and 2021describing a drowning intervention with adults. Twenty-two studies were included. Most studies (n = 16) were conducted in high-income countries. Yearly trends in drowning prevention intervention publications were analysed with 2015 (n = 6) the peak publishing year. Over half of the study designs were pre-post (n = 15). Intervention duration ranged from 4 hours to 11 years. Ten studies described either behaviour change theory or formative evaluation to inform design. Thirteen studies targeted interventions at a population level, seven at a group level and two at individual level. Studies identified a range of prevention strategies, categorised as behavioural (n = 9) (e.g., swimming lessons), socio-ecological (n = 8) (e.g., mandatory personal flotation devices) and mixed (n = 5) (e.g., awareness campaign and barriers to prevent access to water). A range of outcomes were described including changes in awareness, water safety knowledge, attitudes, water safety behaviours and skills, environmental, policy and regulation changes and drowning rates. Findings indicate a small but important increase in the evaluation and publication of effective interventions to prevent adult drowning. The complexity of the issues surrounding drowning requires multi-strategy and context -specific adult focused prevention interventions. Contemporary evidence that identifies effective interventions that contribute to prevention efforts is an essential first step in addressing the challenge.

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