Association of COVID-19 Case-Fatality Rate With State Health Disparity in the United States

Lee, Yu-Che; Chang, Ko-Yun; Mirsaeidi, Mehdi

doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.853059

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…By November 24, 2022, more than 80% of Americans have received at least one dose and more than 68% of Americans have completed a primary series of COVID-19 vaccine [10]. Literature has reported that the vaccination coverage is negatively associated with case fatality rate (CFR), which refers to the mortality rate among those who are infected (i.e., confirmed COVID cases) [11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the marginal and herd effects of COVID-19 vaccination for reducing case fatality rate: Evidence from the United States

Wang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Vaccination campaigns have been rolled out in most countries to increase the vaccination coverage and protect against case mortality during the ongoing pandemic. To evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, it is vital to disentangle the herd effect from the marginal effect and parameterize them separately in a model. To demonstrate this, we study the relationship between the COVID-19 vaccination coverage and case fatality rate (CFR) based on a U.S. vaccination coverage at county level, with daily records from March 11th, 2021 to Jan 26th, 2022 for 3109 U.S. counties. Using segmented regression, we discovered three breakpoints of the vaccination coverage, at which the herd effects could potentially exist. Controlling for county heterogeneity, we found the size of the marginal effect was not constant but actually enlarged as the vaccination coverage increased, and only the herd effect at the first breakpoint was statistically significant, which implied indirect benefit of vaccination may exist at the early stage of a vaccination campaign. Our results have demonstrated that public health researchers should carefully differentiate and quantify the herd and marginal effects in analyzing vaccination data, to better inform vaccination campaign strategies as well as evaluate vaccination effectiveness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the marginal and herd effects of COVID-19 vaccination for reducing case fatality rate: Evidence from the United States

Wang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Disparities in Rates of Death From HIV or Tuberculosis Before Age 65 Years, by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex, United States, 2011-2020

Adekoya,

Chang,

Wortham

et al. 2023

Public Health Rep

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Objective: Death from tuberculosis or HIV among people from racial and ethnic minority groups who are aged <65 years is a public health concern. We describe age-adjusted, absolute, and relative death rates from HIV or tuberculosis from 2011 through 2020 by sex, race, and ethnicity among US residents. Methods: We used mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention online data system on deaths from multiple causes from 2011 through 2020 to calculate age-adjusted death rates and absolute and relative disparities in rates of death by sex, race, and ethnicity. We calculated corresponding 95% CIs for all rates and determined significance at P < .05 by using z tests. Results: For tuberculosis, when compared with non-Hispanic White residents, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native residents had the highest level of disparity in rate of death (666.7%). Similarly, as compared with non-Hispanic White female residents, American Indian or Alaska Native female residents had a high relative disparity in death from tuberculosis (620.0%). For HIV, the age-adjusted death rate was more than 8 times higher among non-Hispanic Black residents than among non-Hispanic White residents, and the relative disparity was 735.1%. When compared with non-Hispanic White female residents, Black female residents had a high relative disparity in death from HIV (1529.2%). Conclusion: Large disparities in rates of death from tuberculosis or HIV among US residents aged <65 years based on sex, race, and ethnicity indicate an ongoing unmet need for effective interventions. Intervention strategies are needed to address disparities in rates of death and infection among racial and ethnic minority populations.

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Investigating the Marginal and Herd Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination for Reducing Case Fatality Rate: Evidence from the United States between March 2021 to January 2022

Wang

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Vaccination campaigns have been rolled out in most countries to increase vaccination coverage and protect against case mortality during the ongoing pandemic. To evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, it is vital to disentangle the herd effect from the marginal effect and parameterize them separately in a model. To demonstrate this, we study the relationship between the COVID-19 vaccination coverage and case fatality rate (CFR) based on U.S. vaccination coverage at county level, with daily records from 11 March 2021 to 26 January 2022 for 3109 U.S. counties. Using segmented regression, we discovered three breakpoints of the vaccination coverage, at which herd effects could potentially exist. Controlling for county heterogeneity, we found the size of the marginal effect was not constant but actually increased as the vaccination coverage increased, and only the herd effect at the first breakpoint to be statistically significant, which implied an indirect benefit of vaccination may exist at the early stage of a vaccination campaign. Our results demonstrated that public-health researchers should carefully differentiate and quantify the herd and marginal effects when analyzing vaccination data, to better inform vaccination-campaign strategies as well as evaluate vaccination effectiveness.

show abstract

Association of COVID-19 Case-Fatality Rate With State Health Disparity in the United States

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

Investigating the marginal and herd effects of COVID-19 vaccination for reducing case fatality rate: Evidence from the United States

Investigating the marginal and herd effects of COVID-19 vaccination for reducing case fatality rate: Evidence from the United States

Disparities in Rates of Death From HIV or Tuberculosis Before Age 65 Years, by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex, United States, 2011-2020

Investigating the Marginal and Herd Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination for Reducing Case Fatality Rate: Evidence from the United States between March 2021 to January 2022

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