Association of Cognitive Reserve and Preoperative Cognitive Function in Patients with Adult Moyamoya Disease: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Introduction: Many patients with Moyamoya disease (MMD) exhibit cognitive decline; however, the link between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive function in those who have not undergone revascularization remains unexplored. We aimed to evaluate preoperative cognitive impairment in such patients and to explore the relationship between CR, measured using the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), and cognitive abilities across different domains, determined using neuropsychological tests. Methods: Demographic, clinical, CRIq, and neuropsychological assessment data were gathered from patients with MMD who underwent preoperative cognitive functional assessments at our center during 2021–2023. These patients were categorized according to their Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. Multivariable linear regression was performed to analyze the association between CRIq score and cognitive performance, both globally and in specific domains. Results: In the MMD cohort of 53 patients, 49% (n=26) of the patients exhibited a decrease in overall cognitive performance. Individuals with cognitive dysfunction had significantly lower composite CRIq scores than those with intact cognition. Although no association between overall cognitive ability and CR was observed, independent associations emerged between CR and specific cognitive functions—language (β = 0.56, p = 0.002), verbal memory (β = 0.45, p = 0.001), and executive function (β = 0.35, p = 0.03). Conclusion: This preliminary study revealed that expressive language, verbal memory, and executive function are linked to CR in presurgical patients with MMD, highlighting the role of CR in predicting cognitive outcomes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the combined effects of CR and other risk factors on the cognitive function of patients with MMD.