Abstract:We explored the risk factors for gallbladder cancer and explanations for its sharp and constant incidence increase in Chile since the 1970s. We compared 114 consecutive patients with verified gallbladder cancer, diagnosed 1992-1995, to 114 matched hospital patients with gallstones, using conditional logistic regression analysis. Low education showed a nonsignificant positive relationship with gallbladder cancer [odds ratio (OR) ؍ 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8 -6.2], and low socioeconomic level showed… Show more
“…The eight cohort studies Wolk et al, 2001;Calle et al, 2003;Samanic et al, 2004Samanic et al, , 2006Engeland et al, 2005;Kuriyama et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005) and three case -control studies Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002) that were included in the meta-analysis involved a total of 3288 cases. Main characteristics of the studies are shown in Table 1.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Main characteristics of the studies are shown in Table 1. Weight and height were measured in three studies (Engeland et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005;Samanic et al, 2006) and self-reported in five studies Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Kuriyama et al, 2005); in three studies, obesity was defined by a discharge diagnosis of obesity Wolk et al, 2001;Samanic et al, 2004). Among case -control studies, one used population-based controls (Zatonski et al, 1997) and two used hospital-based controls Serra et al, 2002).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Eight studies presented relative risk estimates for 'overweight' compared with 'normal weight' Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Engeland et al, 2005;Kuriyama et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005;Samanic et al, 2006). Metaanalysis of these studies found those in the overweight category had a statistically significant 15% increased risk (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01 -1.30) compared to those of normal weight, with no statistically significant heterogeneity among studies (Q ¼ 14.93; P ¼ 0.19; I 2 ¼ 26.3).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…First, because of the observational design of the included studies, we cannot rule out the possibility that the observed association between excess body weight and risk is owing to confounding from other risk factors. Second, five studies Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Kuriyama et al, 2005) in this meta-analysis relied on self-reported weight and height and it is possible that weight has been under-reported, particularly by overweight or obese individuals (IARC, 2002). The summary relative risk estimate was higher for studies that relied on selfreported weight and height.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We identified eight cohort studies Wolk et al, 2001;Calle et al, 2003;Samanic et al, 2004Samanic et al, , 2006Engeland et al, 2005;Kuriyama et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005) and four case -control studies (Zatonski et al, 1992(Zatonski et al, , 1997Strom et al, 1995;Serra et al, 2002) that reported results on overweight/obesity and risk of gallbladder cancer. One case -control study (Zatonski et al, 1992) was excluded because this study was included in a multicentre case -control study (Zatonski et al, 1997); the multicentre casecontrol study was included in this meta-analysis.…”
We performed a meta-analysis of studies of the association between excess body weight and risk of gallbladder cancer identified from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1966 to February 2007 and the references of retrieved articles. A random-effects model was used to combine results from eight cohort studies and three case -control studies, with a total of 3288 cases. Compared with individuals of 'normal weight', the summary relative risk of gallbladder cancer for those who were overweight or obese was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01 -1.30) and 1.66 (95% CI, 1.47 -1.88) respectively. The association with obesity was stronger for women (relative risk, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.66 -2.13) than for men (relative risk, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09 -1.68). There was no statistically significant heterogeneity among the results of individual studies. This meta-analysis confirms the association between excess body weight and risk of gallbladder cancer.
“…The eight cohort studies Wolk et al, 2001;Calle et al, 2003;Samanic et al, 2004Samanic et al, , 2006Engeland et al, 2005;Kuriyama et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005) and three case -control studies Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002) that were included in the meta-analysis involved a total of 3288 cases. Main characteristics of the studies are shown in Table 1.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Main characteristics of the studies are shown in Table 1. Weight and height were measured in three studies (Engeland et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005;Samanic et al, 2006) and self-reported in five studies Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Kuriyama et al, 2005); in three studies, obesity was defined by a discharge diagnosis of obesity Wolk et al, 2001;Samanic et al, 2004). Among case -control studies, one used population-based controls (Zatonski et al, 1997) and two used hospital-based controls Serra et al, 2002).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Eight studies presented relative risk estimates for 'overweight' compared with 'normal weight' Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Engeland et al, 2005;Kuriyama et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005;Samanic et al, 2006). Metaanalysis of these studies found those in the overweight category had a statistically significant 15% increased risk (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01 -1.30) compared to those of normal weight, with no statistically significant heterogeneity among studies (Q ¼ 14.93; P ¼ 0.19; I 2 ¼ 26.3).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…First, because of the observational design of the included studies, we cannot rule out the possibility that the observed association between excess body weight and risk is owing to confounding from other risk factors. Second, five studies Zatonski et al, 1997;Serra et al, 2002;Calle et al, 2003;Kuriyama et al, 2005) in this meta-analysis relied on self-reported weight and height and it is possible that weight has been under-reported, particularly by overweight or obese individuals (IARC, 2002). The summary relative risk estimate was higher for studies that relied on selfreported weight and height.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We identified eight cohort studies Wolk et al, 2001;Calle et al, 2003;Samanic et al, 2004Samanic et al, , 2006Engeland et al, 2005;Kuriyama et al, 2005;Oh et al, 2005) and four case -control studies (Zatonski et al, 1992(Zatonski et al, , 1997Strom et al, 1995;Serra et al, 2002) that reported results on overweight/obesity and risk of gallbladder cancer. One case -control study (Zatonski et al, 1992) was excluded because this study was included in a multicentre case -control study (Zatonski et al, 1997); the multicentre casecontrol study was included in this meta-analysis.…”
We performed a meta-analysis of studies of the association between excess body weight and risk of gallbladder cancer identified from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1966 to February 2007 and the references of retrieved articles. A random-effects model was used to combine results from eight cohort studies and three case -control studies, with a total of 3288 cases. Compared with individuals of 'normal weight', the summary relative risk of gallbladder cancer for those who were overweight or obese was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01 -1.30) and 1.66 (95% CI, 1.47 -1.88) respectively. The association with obesity was stronger for women (relative risk, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.66 -2.13) than for men (relative risk, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09 -1.68). There was no statistically significant heterogeneity among the results of individual studies. This meta-analysis confirms the association between excess body weight and risk of gallbladder cancer.
Amphipols (APols) are amphiphatic polymers that keep membrane proteins (MPs) water-soluble. The best characterized and most widely used APol to date, A8-35, comprises a polyacrylate backbone grafted with octyl- and isopropylamine side chains. The nature of its hydrophilic moieties prevents its use at the slightly acidic pH that is desirable to slow down the rate of amide proton exchange in solution NMR studies. We describe here the synthesis and properties of pH-insensitive APols obtained by replacing isopropyles with taurine. Sulfonated APols (SAPols) can be used to trap MPs in the form of small complexes, to stabilize them, and to keep them water-soluble even at low pH. [(15) N,(1) H]-transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy NMR spectra obtained at pH 6.8 of a bacterial outer MP folded in SAPols show that the protein is correctly folded. The spectra have a resolution similar to that achieved with A8-35 and reveal water-exposed amide and indole protons whose resonance peaks are absent at pH 8.0.
In Chile, where gallbladder cancer (GBC) rates are high and typhoid fever was endemic until the 1990s, we evaluated the association between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) antibodies and GBC. We tested 39 GBC cases, 40 gallstone controls, and 39 population‐based controls for S. Typhi Vi antibodies and performed culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the subset with bile, gallstone, tissue, and stool samples available. We calculated gender and education‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association with GBC. We also conducted a meta‐analysis of >1000 GBC cases by combining our results with previous studies. GBC cases were more likely to have high Vi antibody titer levels than combined controls (OR: 4.0, 95% CI: 0.9–18.3), although S. Typhi was not recovered from bile, gallstone, tissue, or stool samples. In our meta‐analysis, the summary relative risk was 4.6 (95% CI: 3.1–6.8, P
heterogeneity=0.6) for anti‐Vi and 5.0 (95% CI: 2.7–9.3, P
heterogeneity = 0.2) for bile or stool culture. Our results are consistent with the meta‐analysis. Despite differences in study methods (e.g., S. Typhi detection assay), most studies found a positive association between S. Typhi and GBC. However, the mechanism underlying this association requires further investigation
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